Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
2 kinds of nervous system cells
A
Neurons
Neuroglia
2
Q
of cranial nerves
A
12
3
Q
of spinal nerves
A
31
4
Q
2 divisions of the nervous system
A
Central
Peripheral
5
Q
Nuclei
A
Collection of neurons performing the same task in the CNS
6
Q
Nerve
A
Bundle of thousands of axons with associated connective tissue and blood vessels in PNS
7
Q
Ganglia
A
Masses of nervous tissue found in PNS
8
Q
Interneuron
A
Interconnect with other neurons and are very short
9
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
part of PNS containing sensory neurons
10
Q
Somatic motor neurons
A
Convey info from CNS to skeletal muscles only
11
Q
2 divisions of the motor ANS
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
12
Q
What cells myelinate axons in the CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
13
Q
What cells myelinate axons in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
14
Q
Efferent
A
Nerve impulses away from CNS
15
Q
Afferent
A
Nerve impulses towards CNS
16
Q
Dendrites
A
Primary target for synaptic input from other neurons . Opposite end from axon terminal
17
Q
Hillock
A
Point of departure of axon
18
Q
Anterograde Transport
A
From cell body to axon terminal
19
Q
2 types of Nerve fibers
A
Dendrites
Axons
20
Q
1
A
Olfactory
O: olfactory epithelium
21
Q
2
A
Optic
O: retina
22
Q
3
A
Oculomotor
23
Q
4
A
Trochlear
24
Q
5
A
Trigeminal
25
6
Abducens
26
7
Facial
27
8
Vestibulochlear
28
9
Glossopharyngeal
29
10
Vagus
30
11
Spinal Accessory
31
12
Hypoglossal
32
Pneumonic for cranial nerve names
Oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ah!
33
Pneumonic for cranial nerve functions (sensory, motor, both)
Some say marry money but my brother says big breasts matter more
34
What space are neurotransmitters released into
synaptic cleft
35
Glia
Provide insulation, maintain chemical environment and contribute to the blood brain barrier
36
Glia: Neuron ratio
3:1
37
Blood brain barrier
Glia surround blood vessels in the brain and prevent toxins from entering the blood stream
38
Astrocytes
Glia that mop up neurotransmitters and maintain homesostasis
39
Microglia
Respond to injury in the CNS and produce inflammatory mediators
40
2 types of myelinating glia
Oligodendrocytes
| Schwann cells
41
Oligodendrocyte
Part of the CNS-- Nodes of ranvier are fewer and more widely spaced allowing for faster transmission
-- COIL AROUND SEVERAL AXONS
42
Schwann cells
Part of the PNS
Associated with only one nerve
Nodes of ranvier are closer together
43
Number of each type of vertebrae
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
```
44
How many spinal cord segments per 1 pair of spinal nerves
31
45
What is the beginning of the PNS
Nerves
46
Enlargements
Bulges in spinal cord corresponding with attachment of large nerves
47
Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargments
Cervical-- C4-T1
| Lumbar-sacral-- L1-S2
48
Conus Medullaris
Tapering end of the spinal cord between L1 and L2 vertebrae
49
Filum Terminale
Continuation of pia mater. Section is left with no nervous tissue and attaches to coccyx and anchors spinal cord
50
Caude Equina
(Horse Tail) bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve
51
Where should you perform a lumbar puncture
Caude equina-- devoid of spinal cord so you can obtain CSF safely
52
What vertebral section does the spinal cord end at
L1/L2
53
3 layers of spinal cord coverings
Pia mater
Arachoid mater
Dura mater
54
Pia mater
Innermost layer that attaches to the spinal cord surface and brain -- many blood vessels
55
Denticulate ligaments
Paired ligaments in pia mater, on either side of the cord, that attach it to the arcachnoid and dura mater
56
Arachoid Mater
Avascular, middle layer
57
Dura Mater
(tough mother) Outermost layer extends from foramen magnum to S2 vertebrae
58
Potential spaces
Space we can use in healthcare
59
2 spinal cord spaces
Subaracnoid space
| Sub dural space
60
What are spinal cord spaces fllled with
CSF
61
Epidural layer
Outside of dura mater
62
2 Epidural effects
Analgesia (decrease pain)
| Anesthesia (decrease sensation)
63
Which spinal cord sulcus is more pronounced
Anterior median
64
First section in spinal nerve
Root
65
Spinal nerve
Rootlet-- Root-- Spinal nerve
| Part of the PNS and connects to CNS receptors
66
Dorsal root ganglion
PNS structure unique to posterior root-- First neuron in sensory pathway
67
White matter
Myelinated axons and tracts send sensory impulses from receptors to brain and motor impulses from brain to effectors
68
Grey matter
Neuron populations in a butterfly shape recieve and integrate incoming and outgoing information
69
3 horns of the grey matter in spinal cord
Dorsal
Lateral
Anterior
70
Dorsal horn
Receives sensory input
71
Anterior horn
Transmits motor output
72
Lateral horn
Autonomic NS
73
Un-myelinated axons
Small and slow
74
Cervical spinal cord section
Flattened dorso-ventrally
Biggest section
Alot of white matter with large ventral grey horns
75
Thoracic spinal cord section
Small diameter with small grey matter
| - not many muscles here
76
Lumbar section
Nearly circular
Large ventral and dorsal grey horns
Less white matter
77
Sacral sponal cord section
Small with alot of grey matter
78
Posterior root function
Sensory
79
Anterior root function
Motor
80
3 layers of the peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
81
Epineurium
Layer around the entire peripheral nerve with bundles inside
| - vascular supply for nerve
82
Perineurium
Surrounds every peripheral nerve bundle
83
Endoneurium
Innermost layer of peripheral nerve surrounds axon
84
Where do axons degenerate following injury
Distal to lesion
85
Degeneration
Debris is picked up by immune system following injury and myelin is broken up
86
PNS regeneration
Vigorous and complete
87
CNS regeneration
Uncommon and never complete
88
Axotomy
Severing the axon
89
Wallerian degenration
Axon separates from cell body and degenerates distal to the injury
90
Where does myelination begin in regeneration
Proximal end
91
Characteristics of regenerated nerve
More schwann cells and nodes of ranvier = slower
92
Do cut or crush injuries heal better?
Crush-- preserved endoneurium supports better recovery
93
Necrosis
neuronal death
94
Glial scar
form in response to CNS injury
95
3 parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
96
Medulla oblongata
Part of brain stem connected to the spinal cord
97
4 components of the CNS
Spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Forebrain
98
2 parts of the forebrain
Diencephalon
| Cerebral hemispheres
99
Gyrus
Hill
100
Sulcus
Valley-- groovy surface allows for more neurons and more intelligence
101
3 layers in brain covering
Pia mater
Aracnoid mater
Dura mater
102
What produces CSF
Choroid plexus
103
Where are choroid plexuses located
In very brain ventricle
104
CSF
Optimum environment for chemical signalling, exchnaging nutrients and shock absorption
105
4 brain ventricles
2 lateral
Third
Fourth
106
Interventricular formamen
Connects the lateral brain ventricles to the third ventricle
107
Cerebral aqeduct
Connects the third and fourth brain ventricles
108
Movement of CSF through brain
```
Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal and subarachnoid spaces
Superior saggital sinus
```
109
Medulla
Connects spinal cord to diencephalon
| - Transmits everything to spinal cord
110
Anterior medulla
Motor
111
Posterior medulla
Sensory
112
Decussation of pyramids
Crossing of motor tracts in the anterior aspect of medulla oblongata -- why brain contorls opposite side of body
113
Sensory Fasciculi
Ascending sensory axons that go to medial lemniscus
114
Pons
Ventral to cerebellum
| Connects cerebral cortex and spinal cord to cerebellum
115
What does the pons consist of
Nuclei and tracts
116
Substantia Nigra
Large, darkly pigmented nuclei in the midbrain that produces dopamine
117
Substantia nigra in parkinsons
Dead and unpigmented
118
Cerebral peduncles
Pair of tracts containing motor neurons in the midbrain
119
Cerebellum
Second largest part of brian with 2 folded hemispheres connected via brainstem
120
Function of cerebellum
Coordination of complex sequences of movements and regulation of posture and balance
121
Ataxia
Failure to regulate posture and movement causes uncoordinated movements and speech
122
Diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
| Involved in sensory and motor processing
123
Thalamus
Relay station to cerebral cortex where all sensory input enters-- carries motor input from cerebellum
124
Hypothalamus
Regulator of homeostasis, inferior to thalamus
125
Sensory areas in Cerebrum
Primary visual cortex
| Postcentral gyrus
126
Primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
127
Postcentral gyrus
Pariteal lobe
128
Motor areas of the cerebrum
Pre-central gyrus and Broca's speech area
129
2 blood vessels supplying brain
Vertebral artery and internal carotid artery
130
Circle of willis
circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures
131
6 Vessels in circle of willis
```
Anterior cerebral artery (2)
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery (2)
Posterior cerebral artery (2)
Posterior communicating artery (2)
```
132
Which vessels are not included in circle of willis?
Middle cerebral arteries
133
Posterior communicating artery
Connects internal carotid and cerebral arteries
134
Which nerve is part of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
Olfactory
135
Olfactory bulbs
masses of gray matter
136
Optic chiasma
Axons from medial half of each eye cross
137
Optic tract
posterior to optic nerve
138
Which 3 nerves control muscles that move the eyeballs
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
139
Occulomotor
Innervates superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris and all extrinsic eye muscles
140
Trochlear
Smallest cranial nerve and only one that comes from posterior brain stem
- innervates superior oblique
141
Abducens
Originates in the pons and innervates lateral rectus
142
Trigeminal
Largest cranial nerve, has 3 branches
| -- Opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
143
Opthalmic branch
Smallest trigeminal branch, goes through superior orbital fissure
144
Maxillary branch
Intermediate size, passes through foramen rotundum
145
Mandibular branch
Motor neurons for mastication, passes through foramen ovale
146
Facial nerve
Sensory axons for anterior 2/3 of taste buds
147
Propiorception
Ability to know your own body and feel position without looking
148
Vestibulocochlear
Inner ear structures required for equilibrium
149
4 inner ear structures
Semicircular canals
Saccule
Utricle
Cochlea
150
Glossopharyngeal
Posterior 1/3 of tatse buds
| - sensory to oropharynx
151
Motor component of glossopharyngeal nerve
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
152
Vagus
Longest nerve- travels to gut
| - Motor function for pharynx, larynx and soft palate for speaking and swallowing
153
Spinal Accessory
Brachial motor nerve divided into cranial and spinal accessory
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
154
Hypoglossal nerve
Motor cranial nerve for tongue muscles
| - comes from medulla
155
2 Motor neurons in ANS
Preganglionic
| Postganglionic
156
Preganglionic neuron
Has cell body in CNS
157
Autonomic ganglion
Neuronal body outside CNS
| - preganglionic axon extends to it
158
Postganglionic neuron
Cell body within the autonomic ganglion
| - unmyelinated axon goes to effector
159
What neurotransmitter do ANS motor neurons release that somatic motor neurons can't?
Norepinephrine
160
Dual innervation
Recieve impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
161
Sympathetic NS
Output to smooth muscle of blood vessels
| - Increase alertness and metabolic activity
162
What grey hron do sympathetic fibers originate from
Lateral horn (T1-L2)
163
Sympathetic trunk ganglia
Lie in a vertical row on wither side of the vertebral column from the skull to the coccyx
164
Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the SNS?
Post
165
Where do parasympathetic NS fibers originate from
Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
| S2-4 of spinal cord
166
Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the PNS?
Pre
167
Pneumonic for actions of the PNS
```
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
```
168
5 organs recieving only sympathetic innervation
```
Sweat glands
Arrector muscles in hair
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Blood vessels
```
169
Order of motor pathway
```
Cerebral cortex
Pyramids
Decussation of pyramids
Ventral horn of spinal cord
Muscle
```
170
Order of sensory pathway
```
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
Dorsal fasciculi
Cerebral penduncles
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
```
171
Whats on the anterior and posterior medulla
Anterior: Pyramids
Posterior: Sensory fasciculi
172
2 things on the midbrain
Cerebral peduncles
| Substantia nigra
173
Used CSF gets transported through what structure to get into the superior saggital sinus from the subarchnoid space
Arachnoid villi
174
Primary Visual Area
Recieves visual information and is involved in visual perception
175
Broca's Speech Area
Planning and production of speech
| - opposite end of occipital lobe
176
Central sulcus
Divides the primary somatosensory and motor areas
177
Primary motor area
Controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles
178
Primary auditory area
At the base of motor and sensory areas
| - closer to occipital lobe than broca's
179
Falx cerebri
Extension of dura mater into cerebral hemispheres
| - acts as an anchor
180
Circle of Willis order on diagram from top to bottom
Anterior Cerebral, Anterior communicating
Middle cerebral, Internal carotid
Posterior cerebral, posterior communicating
Vertebral
181
Anterior cerebral artery territory
Frontal lobe
182
Middle cerebral artery territory
Parietal lobe
183
Posterior cerebral artery territory
Occipital lobe
