Respiratory System Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
3 functions of the RS
A
Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Oxygen utilization
2
Q
Conducting RS
A
Gets air to the lungs
- Nasal cavities and terminal bronchioles
3
Q
Respiratory RS
A
Allows functional gas exchange
- Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
4
Q
2 structures of the upper RS
A
Nose
Pharynx
5
Q
4 structures of the lower RS
A
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Lungs
6
Q
Nose
A
Only external part of RS
- Moistens, warms and filters the air
7
Q
Dorsum nasi
A
Cartilaginous, soft part of nose
8
Q
Beginning and end of nasal cavity
A
Nostril
Choana
9
Q
Choana
A
Opening at the back of the throat
10
Q
2 vessels supplying nasal cavity
A
Anterior ethmoid
Posterior ethmoid
11
Q
Vibrissae
A
Trap large particles in nasal cavity
12
Q
2 mucous linings in nasal cavity
A
Olfactory
Respiratory
13
Q
Olfactory mucosa
A
Covers cribiform plate of ethmoid
14
Q
Respiratory mucosa
A
Trap small particles in nasal cavity
15
Q
Chonchae
A
Bony protrusions in nasal cavity– hills
16
Q
Meatus
A
Valleys in the nasal cavity to increase surface area. Covered in epithelium and highly vascular. Moistens air
17
Q
Anterior epistaxis
A
Less bony protection on anterior side of nasal cavity causes more nose bleeds than in the posterior
18
Q
Glottis
A
Location of vocal cords. Separates upper and lower RS
19
Q
How many branches do bronchi have?
A
23
20
Q
How many lobes do the lungs have?
A
Right– 3
Left– 2
21
Q
3 functions of paranasal sinuses
A
Warm air
Sound resonance
Decrease skull weight
22
Q
4 paranasal sinuses
A
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
23
Q
Pharynx
A
Common tube for digestive and respiratory systems– Air is shuttled posteriorly with food, then buds off anteriorly with larynx
24
Q
3 functions of the pharynx
A
Conduct air to larynx
Conduct foor to esophagus
Help resonate vocalizations
25
Pharynx structure
Skeletal muscle
Mucous membrane lining
Tonsils
26
Nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity above soft palate. Passage for air
27
Uvula
Hangs from palate in oropharynx-- moves superiorly along with soft palate to close off opening to nasopharynx during swallowing
28
Superior, inferior and anterior limits of nasopharynx
Superior: base of skull
Inferior: Soft palate
Anterior limit: Nasal conchae
29
Pharyngotympanic tube
Auditory tube connects nasopharynx to middle ear and equalizes pressure-- ears popping is tube opening to release pressure
30
4 components of nasopharynx
Choana
Pharyngeal tonsil
Uvula
Auditory tube
31
Oropharynx
Posterior to oral cavity. Passage for food and air
32
Fauces
Arched opening at the back of the mouth, leading to oropharynx
33
Superior, Inferior and anterior limits of the oropharynx
Superior: Soft palate
Inferior: Base of epiglottis
Anterior: Palatoglossal arch
34
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to entrance of larynx
35
4 components of the oropharynx
Palatine tonsils
Fauces
Lingual tonsils
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
36
Laryngopharynx
Posterior to larynx. Passage for food and air
37
Laryngeal inlet
Entrance from pharynx to larynx
38
Superior, inferior and anterior limits of laryngopharynx
Superior: base of epiglottis
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage, continues as esophagus
Anterior: Laryngeal inlet
39
Laryngeal inlet
Closes larynx during swallowing
40
Tonsils
4 groups of lymphoid tissue that prevent infection
41
Pharyngeal tonsil
Only one. Adenoids become enlarged and blocks air passage. In nasopharynx
42
Tubal tonsils
Surround pharyngotympanic tube. If blocked, pressure in tube can't be equalized and ears feel blocked. Nasopharynx
43
Palatine Tonsils
Back of oral cavity
44
Lingual Tonsils
On tongue in oropharynx
45
URTI
Upper respiratory tract infection-- flue and throat infections
46
Chest infection
Bronchitis, pneumonia
47
Chronic chest infections
Emphysema, Asthma
48
Larynx
5 cm long passage way between pharynx and trachea
49
Where is the larync
C4-6
50
Superior and inferior limits of the larynx
Superior: Base of epiglottis and hyoid bone
Inferior: Cricoid cartilage is continuous with trachea
51
3 functions of the larynx
Passage of air
Prevent passage of food
Produce vocalizations
52
Laryngeal arteries
Branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery-- superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
53
4 nerves innervating larynx
Vagus
Internal laryngeal
External laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal
54
Internal laryngeal nerve
Sensory: innervates larynx for cough reflex
55
External laryngeal nerve
Motor: Innervates cricothyroid muscles
56
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
More significant motor nerve, innervates larynx muscles and voice box except cricothyroid
57
Larynx skeleton
8 hyaline cartilages, 1 elastic-- connected by elastic membranes
58
Hyoid bone
Attachment for tongue muscles above, larynx below and pharynx behind
59
3 single laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
60
Thyroid cartilage
Open book-- Biggest, doesnt forma complete ring
61
Laryngeal prominence
Adams apple on thyroid cartilage
62
Thyroid membrane
Elastic membrane connects thyroid cartilage with hyoid bone above
63
Cricoid cartilage
Ring-- snterior is thin, posterior is thick
64
2 membranes on cricoid cartilge
Cricothyroid-- thyroid cartilage above
| Cricotracheal-- rings below
65
Epiglottis
Leaf of elastic cartilage connected to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. Moves down to block laryngeal inlet
66
When is the epiglottis open
During air exchange
67
What covers the epiglottis
Taste-bud mucosa
68
3 paired laryngeal cartilages
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
69
Arytenoid cartilage
Pyramid-- sits on top of cricoid and acts as a pivot. Vocal processes on anterior, muscle processes on posteriro
70
5 components of voice box
```
2 vocal ligaments
2 vestibular ligaments
Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Paired muscles
Glottis
```
71
4 paired muscles in voice box
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
72
Glottis
Vocal cords and the rima glottidis
73
Rima Glottidis
Opening between two vocal ligaments
74
Vocal ligaments
Form true vocal cords. Made of elastic fibers. No mucosa
75
Vocal fold
Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa
76
What attaches arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
Vocal ligaments
77
Vestibular Ligaments
Form false vocal cords (no role in voice production). Superior to vocal folds
78
Cricothyroid muscle
Pulls thyroid cartilage forwards (towards origin) to increase tension in vocal ligaments and raise pitch
79
Thyroarytenoid and Vocalis
Shortens vocal ligaments and pulls them towards the centre. Tension is decreased and pitch is lowered
80
2 muscles attaching to muscular processes of cricoid cartilage
Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid. Effect loudness of pitch and move in opposite direction of vocal processes and ligaments
81
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Abducts and laterally rotates cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments away from midline and increases loudness
82
Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle
Adduct and medially rotate cartilage. Pulls vocal ligaments towards midline and decreases loudness
83
Voice production
Release of expired air through glottis
84
Trachea
Tube of connective tissue and smooth muscle descends from larynx into mediastinum
85
How many tracheal rings
16-20 C shaped rings
86
Posterior side of trachea
Free of cartilage but has trachealis muscle. Esophagus is posterior
87
Number of segmental bronchi
Right: 10
Left: 7 or 8
88
Carina
Arch connecting two bronchi
89
Bronchioles
No cartilage rings. Right one is shorter, wider and more vertical
90
Composition of bronchioles
Simple cuboidal epithelium. Cilia are sparse , no mucous producing cells
91
Terminal Bronchioles
End of conducting division, filtered air gets to lungs at 37 degrees
92
Throat cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of pharyngeal wall or larynx
93
Glottic cancer
Begins in upper portion of larynx, includes epiglottis cancer
94
Subglottic cancer
Begins in lower part of larynx, below vocal cords
95
Stoma
Trachea exposed to surface of neck to allow breathing after laryngectomy
96
Electrolaryngeal speech
Mechanical device produces vibrations in throat-- servox
97
Esophageal speech
Using air in esophagus and pharynx to generate vibrations
98
Tracheo- esophageal speech
Voice prosthesis connects trachea to esophagus using air to generate vibrations
99
Pleural membrane
Two layers of serous membrane, fluid filled pleural cavity between
100
Parietal pleura
Outermost layer lining thorax and diaphragm-- covers more area
101
Visceral pleura
Innermost layer lines lungs
102
Pleural effusion
Fluid buildup in pleural cavity
103
Where do the pleural layers connect?
Root of lung
104
Respiratory bronchioles
Branch from terminal bronchioles. Include alveolar ducts and sacs
105
Alveolar ducts
Protrude from respiratory bronchioles, smooth muscle and connective tissue
106
Alveolar sacs
Clusters of alveoli
107
Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles-- alveolar sacs-- alveoli-- alveolar ducts
108
Type 1 alveolar cells
Make up alveolar walls. Simple squamous epithelium covered in pulmonary capillaries
109
Respiratory membrane
Interface between alveolar and capillary cell membranes. Air- blood barrier
110
Type 2 alveolar cells
Cuboidal, secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension. Non gas exchnage
111
Surfactant
Complex of lipids and proteins. Without it, alveoli would collapse
112
Alveolar macrophage
Dust cells-- remove debris
113
Alveolar pores
How alveoli are connected, equalizes pressure in lungs
114
Lungs
All structures beyond primary bronchi are inside. Occupies all of thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
115
5 things passing through hilus of lung
Slit in medial surface for...
1) Pulmonary arteries
2) Pulmonary veins
3) Bronchi
4) Lymph vessels
5) Nerves
116
Right lung
```
Upper lobe
Horizontal fissure
Middle
Oblique fissure
Lower
```
117
Left lung
Upper an lower lobe separated by oblique fissure. Cardiac impression on meidal surface
118
Pulmonary blood supply
Large-volume, low pressure venous blood input. Deoxygenated blood from heart enters capillary network surrounding alveoli
119
What vessels do blood enter and exit the heart through
Exits at left ventricle
| Enters heart at right atria
120
Bronchial blood supply
High pressure, small volume. Provides systemic blood to lung tissues except alveoli. Arise at aorta and enter lung at hilus
121
Oder of bronchioles
Conducting
Terminal
Respiratory
122
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lung cancer
123
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common-- effects major bronchi branch leading to obstruction
124
Adenocarcinoma
Occurs peripherally and centrally, effecting bronchial epithelium and mucosal glands
125
Small cell carcinoma
Usually central and highly invasive. Most aggressive and disseminates quickly
126
Large cell carcinoma
85% of lung cancer. Arise centrally and invades mediastinum. Disseminates widely
127
Intrathoracic Infiltration
Cancer spreading beyond lungs, into other thoracic organs
128
Paratracheal tumour
Right side: Obstructs superior vena cava
| Left side: Carotid artery
129
Peripheral tumour
Chest wall invasion, can involve ribs. Causes pleural effusion
130
Intrapulmonary Mestases
Few symptoms except breathlessness so its hardest to detect
131
Apical tumour
Brachial plexus is involved, can effect ribs and clavicle
132
Mediastinal tumour
Arrthymias, diaphragm palsy, chest pain
| -- Inferior to paratracheal
133
Hilar Tumour
Left side. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy which effects speech
134
RLN on the left
Loops back around subclavian and larynx
135
RLN on the right
Loops around arch of aorta and back up to larynx
136
3 parts of cartilagnious framework of nose
Lateral nasal
Septal
Alar
