[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2: QUIZ 3 COVERAGE Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
dynamics of RBC production and destruction
A
Erythrokinetics
2
Q
collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the
body
A
Erythron
3
Q
=the developing precursors in the bone marrow + circulating
erythrocytes in peripheral blood and vascular spaces within
specific organs
A
Erythron
4
Q
= conveys the concept of a unified functional tissue
A
Erythron
5
Q
= red blood cells in circulation only
A
Red cell mass
6
Q
THE RBC MEMBRANE COMOPOSITION:
A
a. proteins (52%)
b. lipids (40%)
c. carbohydrates (8%)
7
Q
THE RBC MEMBRANE NEEDS TO BE:
A
a. flexible
b. deformable
c. semi-permeable
8
Q
A continually moving sea of fluid lipids that
contain a mosaic of different proteins
A
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
9
Q
-Some proteins float freely in the lipid stream
-others are anchored at specific parts
A
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
10
Q
-major source of red cell energy (90% of glycolysis)
A
EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)
11
Q
-major source of red cell energy (90% of glycolysis)
A
EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)
12
Q
glycolysis
A
glucose catabolism = glucose to pyruvate
13
Q
pyruvate can be metabolized by:
A
a. Aerobic pathway: Tricarboxylic acid cycle
b. Anaerobic pathway/anaerobic glycolysis
14
Q
4 RBC METABOLISM
A
- EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)
- HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT
- METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY
- RAPPAPORT – LEUBERING PATHWAY
15
Q
contributes to 10% of glycolysis
A
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT
16
Q
provides adequate stores of NADPH
maintains glutathione in its reduced form
prevents denaturation of hemoglobin
A
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT
17
Q
Main enzyme of HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT
A
G-6PD
18
Q
-Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe 2+ (ferrous) to be
functional
A
METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY
19
Q
Responsible for the generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
A
RAPPAPORT – LEUBERING PATHWAY
20
Q
2 RBC DESTRUCTION
A
- EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
- INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
21
Q
happens within the RES (spleen) when complement is not
activated or incompletely activated
A
EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
22
Q
90% of red cell destruction
A
EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
23
Q
-increases unconjugated bilirubin, urine and fecal urobilinogen
A
EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
24
Q
-seen in Rh hemolysis
A
EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
25
-happens within blood vessels when complement is completely
activated
INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
26
-10% destruction
INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
27
-leads to hemoglobinuria, decreased haptoglobin and hemopexin
INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
28
-type of hemolysis seen in ABO hemolysis
INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
29
2 LEUKOCYTES
a. Granulocytes
b. Agranulocytes
30
- share the same lineage (CFU-GEMM)
Granulocytes, red cells, monocytes, megakaryocytes
31
CFU-L
Lymphocytes
32
Production and development of the three granulocytes
GRANULOPOIESIS
33
three granulocytes:
N, E, B
34
GRANULOPOIESIS Similarities:
Maturation sequence
35
GRANULOPOIESIS Differences:
Cytokines that influence their production and
differentiation
36
NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Stem cell pool:
Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell
37
NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT Mitotic pool:
Progenitors
Precursors
38
common myeloid progenitor
. CFU-GEMM
39
(granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)
CFU-GM
40
(granulocyte progenitor)
CFU-G
41
Neutrophils Mitotic pool:
Progenitors
a. CFU-GEMM (common myeloid progenitor)
b. CFU-GM (granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)
c. CFU-G (granulocyte progenitor)
42
NEUTROPHIL
Mitotic pool:
Precursors
a. Myeloblast
b. Promyelocyte
c. Myelocyte
43
NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation pool:
Precursors
Metamyelocyte
Neutrophilic band
44
NEUTROPHIL Maturation pool:
Precursors
a. Metamyelocyte
b. Neutrophilic band
45
Size (um) 14-20
N:C Ratio 8:1 – 4:1
Nucleus Shape Round to oval
Nucleus Chromatin Homogenous, delicate, fine euchromatin
Nucleus Nucleoli 2-4
Cytoplasm Staining Slightly basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules No granules
Cellular activity 0-3% of nucleated cells in the BM
Classification:
-Type I blasts
“granular blasts”
-Type II blasts
-Type III blasts
MYELOBLAST
46
Size (um) 16-25
N:C Ratio 3:1 – 2:1
Nucleus Shape Round to oval
Nucleus Chromatin Heterochromatin slightly coarse
Nucleus Nucleoli 1-3
Cytoplasm Staining Basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Primary or Azurophilic granules
Cellular activity 1-5% BM Hof/Paranuclear halo surrounding the nucleus
PROMYELOCYTE
47
Size (um) 12-18
N:C Ratio 1:1
Nucleus Shape Oval or round
Nucleus Chromatin Coarser and condensed
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Mixture of acidophilic and basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Secondary/ Specific granules “Dawn of neutrophilia”
Cellular activity
6-17%
Last stage capable
of mitosis
MYELOCYTE “DAWN OF NEUTROPHILIA”
48
Size (um) 15-18
N:C Ratio 1:1
Nucleus Shape Kidney shaped
Nucleus Chromatin Coarse and clumped
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Beige or salmon
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Tertiary / gelatinase granules
Cellular activity 3-20% in the BM
METAMYELOCYTE
49
Size (um) 9-15
N:C Ratio 1:1 to 2:2
Nucleus Shape Elongate/band (C or S)
Nucleus Chromatin Coarse and clumped
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Beige or salmon
Cytoplasm Granules
-Continuous formation of Tertiary / gelatinase granules
-Formation of secretory granules (vesicles)
Cellular activity No answer given
STAB
50
Size (um) 9-15
N:C Ratio 1:1 to 2:2
Nucleus Shape 2-5 lobes
Nucleus Chromatin Highly condensed chromatin
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining and Cytoplasm Granules
- conatian continuously forming pink to rose-violet secretory granules
Cellular activity No answer given
NEUTROPHIL / POLYMORPHONUCLEAR
(PMN) CELLS
51
3 NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION
1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
2. GENERATION OF NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS
3. Secretory function
52
GENERATION OF NETs
Nuclear and organelle membrane dissolves – DNA release
DNA + cytoplasmic enzymes – cell membrane rupture – NET release
53
Extracellular thread-like structures believed to represent chains of
nucleosomes from DNA
GENERATION OF NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS
54
Have enzymes for neutrophil granules
NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS
55
Neutrophil Secretory functions
a. Transcobalamin I/R binder (needed for vitamin B12 absorption)
b. Variety of cytokines
55
Kill gram positive gram negative bacteria and fungi
NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS
56
EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Stem cell:
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
57
EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Progenitors:
a. CFU-GEMM (common myeloid
progenitor)
b. CFU-Eo
58
EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Precursors:
a. Myeloblast
b. Promyelocyte
c. Myelocyte
d. Metamyelocyte
e. Eosinophilic band Eosinophil
59
Not fully characterized
EOSINOPHILIC MYELOBLAST
60
Cytochemical identification only
PROMYELOCYTES
61
Charcot-Leyden crystal protein
Primary granule PROMYELOCYTES
62
similar to neutrophil myelocytes
MYELOCYTES
63
Large, pale, reddish-orange
Secondary granule MYELOCYTES
64
resemble neutrophil counterpart
METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM
65
-Formation of secretory granules/vesicles
METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM
66
METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM
2 other organelles present:
Lipid bodies, small lysosomal granules
67
Size: 9-15um
Nucleus: bilobed
Granules: refractile, orange-red granules (involved in allergic and
parasitic infections
EOSINOPHIL
68
4 EOSINOPHIL FUNCTION
1. DEGRANULATION
2. Regulation of Immune responses
3. Indicator of parasitic infection
4. Hallmark of allergic disorders
69
-granules move to plasma mem – fuse with cell mem – empty contents to
ECF
Classical exocytosis
70
-Granules fuse together with eosinophils – fuses with cell mem – empty
contents
Compound exocytosis
71
-secretory vesicles remove spp CHONs from secondary granules – secretory
vesicles migrate to plasma mem – empty to ECF
Piecemeal degranulation
72
-delete double-positive thymocytes
Regulation of Immune responses
73
-act as Ag presenting cells
Regulation of Immune responses
74
-promote proliferation of effector T cells
Regulation of Immune responses
75
-Initiate type 1 or type 2 immune response
Regulation of Immune responses
76
-Regulate mast cells
Regulation of Immune responses
77
-MBP and Eosinophil cationic protein destroys tissue-invading helminths and
prevents reinfection
Indicator of parasitic infection
78
Hallmark of allergic disorders
-concentration = severity of disease
79
(airway inflammation, mucosal cell damage)
Hallmark of allergic disorders
-Secrete HISTAMINASE, IL-5
80
function for airway remodelling
Hallmark of allergic disorders
-Secrete eosinophil-derived fibrogenic growth factors
81
BASOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Stem cell pool
Maturation sequence
I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
II. Progenitors
a. CFU-GEMM (CMP)
b. CFU-Baso
III. Immature Basophil
IV. Mature Basophil
82
BASOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence: Progenitors:
a. CFU-GEMM (CMP)
b. CFU-Baso
83
Formed throughout remaining maturation stages
BASOPHIL GRANULES Secondary Granules
84
BASOPHILIC Secondary Granules Contain:
• Histamine
• Platelet-activating factor
• Leukotriene C4 • Interleukin-4 • Interleukin-13
• Vascular endothelial growth factor A
• Vascular endothelial growth factor B
• Chondroitin sulfates (e.g. Heparin)
85
Possess unsegmented or bilobed nucleus with condensed chromatin.
Blue-black water soluble granules almost obscure the nuclear material of the cell.
BASOPHILS
86
FUNCTIONS: Allergic or hypersensitivity reaction
BASOPHILS
87
-Possess surface IgE receptors
BASOPHILS
88
-Regulate T helper2 response (Il-4 and IL-3)
BASOPHILS
89
-Induce B cells to synthesize IgE
BASOPHILS
90
-Mediate allergic responses (prod of HISTAMINE, granzymes B, retinoic acid)
BASOPHILS
91
-Promote angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor production)
BASOPHILS
92
MONOPOIESIS Maturation sequence:
I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
II. Progenitors
III. Precursors
IV. Monocyte
V. Macrophage (T)
93
MONOPOIESIS
Progenitors:
a. CFU-GEMM
b. CFU-GM
c. CFU-M
94
MONOPOIESIS Precursors:
a. Monoblast
b. Promonocyte
95
-Large cells (40-50 microns)
MACROPHAGES
96
-Oval reticulated chromatin nucleus and a pale, frequently
vacuolated cytoplasm
MACROPHAGES
97
-Either wandering or fixed as to location
MACROPHAGES
98
PROMONOCYTE POOL:
NO STORAGE POOL:
Pools in circ:
Half life:
NV:
Relative:
Absolute:
6 x 8 8 cells/kg
-Produces 7 x 10 6 monocytes / kg per hour
Monocytes are immediately released
Circulating and marginal (marginal more numerous)
2-11%
0.1 – 1.3 x 10 9/L
99
-Function for innate immunity
MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE
100
-Perform phagocytosis via toll-like receptors and Fc receptors and are
involved in inflammatory responses
MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE
101
-Produce nitric oxide – cytotoxic against viruses, bact, fungi, protozoa,
helminths, tumor cells
MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE
102
-Removes debris and dead cells
MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE
103
-Maintenance of iron storage pool and synthesis of a wide variety of
proteins
MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE
104
LYMPHOCYTES
Functionally classified into 3
1. T lymphocytes
2. B lymphocytes
3. Null lymphocytes
105
cellular-mediated immunity: attacking foreign antigens directly
60-80%, lasts 4-10 years
T lymphocytes
106
humoral-mediated immunity: produce antibodies
2-%, lasts 3-4 years
B lymphocytes
107
tumor – host defense
10%
Null lymphocytes
108
Are not end cells: Resting
-When stimulated, will undergo mitosis to produce both memory and effector cells
LYMPHOCYTES
109
Reticulate from the blood to the tissues and back to the blood
LYMPHOCYTES
110
are capable of arranging antigen receptor gene segments to produce a wide variety of antibodies and surface receptors
B and T lymphocytes
111
originate in the BM
develop and mature outside of the BM
Early lymphocyte progenitors
T and NK lymphocytes
112
Making the lymphocyte kinetics extremely complicated and not well
understood
LYMPHOCYTES
113
AG independent
(Central/primary lymphoid organs)
BM, Thymus
114
AG dependent
(Secondary lymphoid organs)
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT, Peyer’s patches
115
-@ these stages where immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs
BM – pro-B – pre-B – immature B cell
116
produces a unique immunoglobulin antigen receptor
B lymphocytes
117
-leave BM to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs – take up
specific zones (e.g lymph node follicles)
IMMATURE B CELL/HEMATOGENE
118
-Develop initially in the Thymus
T lymphocytes
119
-Lymphoid progenitors migrate from the BM to the thymic cortex
T lymphocytes
120
-under the regulation of cytokines produced by thymic endothelial
cells, they progress to stages known as pro-T, pre-T and immature T cells
T lymphocytes
121
-Undergo antigen receptor gene rearrangement to produce T cell
receptors that are unique to each T cell
T lymphocytes
122
T lymphocytes 2 categories:
CD4+ or CD8+
123
(further apoptosis of self-reactive T cells occur)
Immature T cells - Thymic medulla
124
take up residence in specific zones – paracortical areas
secondary lymphoid organs
125
(?) eventually come in contact with antigen = cell activation = memory cells, effector
T cells, both
*T cells in secondary lymphoid organs or in circulating blood
126
are cells that morphologically resemble monocytes
Atypical, reactive or plasmacytoid lymphocytes
127
(?) of the cytoplasm by adjacent red cells = RL
(?) cytoplasm = RL, blue-grey color = M
(?) that give monocytes a typical
“ground glass appearance of the cytoplasm
-Sharp indentation
-Increased amount of dark blue
- lack many fine granules
128
heterogenous group of cells with respect to their surface
antigens CD 56, CD 16, CD 3-, CD7 large granular lymphocytes
NK cells
129
azurophilic granules that are peroxidase negative
cytoplasm LYMPHOCYTES
130
Essential for antibody production
LYMPHOCYTES B cells
131
Antigen presentation to T cells
LYMPHOCYTES B cells
132
Produce cytokines that regulate a variety of T cell and antigen
presenting functions
LYMPHOCYTES B cells
133
mediate immune responses against intracellular pathogens
CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th1:
134
mediate host defense against extracellular parasites
CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th2:
135
immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi
maintaining self-tolerance by
regulating immune responses
CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th17
Treg (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T)
136
-Capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing
granzyme and perforin
T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes
137
-Activating apoptotic pathways in the target cell
T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes
138
-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes
139
-Innate immunity
T cells:
NK lymphocytes
140
-capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without
prior sensitization
T cells:
NK lymphocytes
141
-Modulate functions of other cells (macrophages and T cells)
T cells:
NK lymphocytes
142
Size (um): 12-20
N:C ratio: 4:1 to 3:1
Nucleus Shape: Round to oval
Chromatin: Delicate
Nucleoli: 1-2
Cytoplasm Staining: Basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules: No Granules
Cellular Activity
Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes
Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand
MONOBLAST
143
Size (um): 12-18
N:C ratio: 3:1 to 2:1
Nucleus Shape: Slightly indented or folded
Chromatin: Delicate
Nucleoli: > 1
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Formation of AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
Cellular Activity
Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes
Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand
PROMONOCYTE
144
LARGEST CELL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
MONOCYTE
145
Size (um): 15-20
N:C ratio: 2:1 to 1:1
Nucleus Shape: Oval or round KIDNEY/ HORSE-SHOE May be folded, showing brain-like convolutions
Chromatin: Looser (Lace-like/ Stringy
Nucleoli: NONE
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Many fine azurophilic granules having GROUNDGLASS APPEARANCE (frosted)
Cellular Activity
Enter tissues and mature to macrophages
MONOCYTE
146
Cell Size (microns):
10-18
Nucleus:
Coarse chromatin
Round or oval
With 1-2 nucleoli
Cytoplasm:
No granules present
Appears smooth
Moderate to dark blue
LYMPHOBLAST
147
Cell Size (microns):
Maybe same size as lymphoblast or smaller
Nucleus:
More clumped chromatin
Round or oval in shape
With 1- 2 nucleoli
Cytoplasm:
Usually nongranular
Moderate to dark blue
PROLYMPHOCYTE
148
MATURE LYMPHOCYTE
SMALL LYMPHOCYTE
MEDIUM LYMPHOCYTE
LARGE LYMPHOCYTE (Atypical Lymphocyte)
149
Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:
SMALL LYMPHOCYTE
150
Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:
MEDIUM LYMPHOCYTE
151
Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:
LARGE LYMPHOCYTE
(Atypical Lymphocyte)
