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Hematology 1 [LEC] > MODULE 2 UNIT 3: ERYTHROCYTE KINETICS > Flashcards

MODULE 2 UNIT 3: ERYTHROCYTE KINETICS Flashcards

1
Q

Crucial to the red cell function is the structure of the [?]

A

RBC MEMBRANE or red cell membrane

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2
Q

RBC MEMBRANE is made up of

A

proteins , lipids and carbohydrates

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3
Q

percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE

A

carbohydrates (8%)

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4
Q

percentage of lipids in RBC MEMBRANE

A

lipids (40%)

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5
Q

percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE

A

carbohydrates (8%)

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6
Q

The (?) needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the [?] to the [?] in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.

A

membrane
largest blood vessels
smallest capillaries

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7
Q

is a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of different proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

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8
Q

Some (?) float freely like iceberg in the lipid seam whereas others are anchored at specific parts

A

proteins

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9
Q

two parts of RBC membrane

A

lipid bilayer and membrane proteins

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10
Q

The lipid bilayer consists of two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules:

Give the three types of lipid molecules.

A

i. Phospholipids
ii. Cholesterol
iii. Glycolipids

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11
Q

Percentage of Phospholipids

A
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12
Q

Percentage of Cholesterol

A

20%

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13
Q

Percentage of Glycolipids

A

5%

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14
Q

are amphipathic lipids.

A

Phospholipids

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15
Q

means they have both polar and nonpolar parts.

A

Amphipathic lipids

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16
Q

The polar part of Phospholipids is the

A

phosphate-containing “head”

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17
Q

The nonpolar part of Phospholipids has

A

two long fatty acid “tails”

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18
Q

Phospholipids can be asymmetrically divided by?

A

Outer layer
Inner layer

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19
Q

Outer layer of Phospholipids contains?

A

Phosphatidylcholine & Sphingomyelin

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20
Q

Inner layer of Phospholipids contains?

A

Phosphatidylserine & Phosphatidylethanolamine

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21
Q

It is a steroid with an attached hydroxyl group, weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.

A

Cholesterol

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22
Q

Cholesterol is a steroid with an attached (?), weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.

A

hydroxyl group

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23
Q

The polar part of Cholesterol contains the?

A

hydroxyl group

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24
Q

non-polar part of Cholesterol contains the?

A

steroid rings and hydrocarbon tail

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25
Q

are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the membrane layer that faces the extracellular fluid.

A

Glycolipids

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26
Q

Glycolipids are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the (?) that faces the extracellular fluid.

A

membrane layer

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27
Q

It is one of the reasons the two sides of the bilayer are (?).

A

asymmetrical

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28
Q

The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?

A

carbohydrate “Head”

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28
Q

The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?

A

carbohydrate “Head”

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29
Q

the nonpolar part of Glycolipids contains the?

A

fatty Acid “Tail”

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30
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins

31
Q

are not firmly attached in the membrane but rather attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids.

A

Peripheral proteins

32
Q

are firmly attached to the bilayer membrane and extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids.

A

Integral proteins

33
Q

Integral proteins types

A

Glycophorin A
Glycophorin B
Glycophorin C

34
Q

Anion-exchange-channel protein (band 3)

A

Integral proteins

35
Q

Peripheral proteins types

A

Spectrin
Actin (band 5)
Ankyrin (band 2.1)
Band 4.1 and 4.2
Band 6
Adducin

36
Q

is an extensive sugary coat made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

A

glycocalyx

37
Q

It acts like a molecular signature

A

glycocalyx

38
Q

enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues and protects the cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid.

A

glycocalyx

39
Q

4 RBC METABOLISM

A
  1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
  2. Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt
  3. Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
  4. Rapoport- Leubering Pathway
40
Q

is the major source of red cell energy.

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)

41
Q

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) is the pathway responsible for (?) carried out by RBCs.

A

90% of glycolysis

42
Q

In the process of glycolysis/ glucose catabolism, (?) is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized.

A

glucose

43
Q

Glucose is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized either via:

A

▪ Aerobic pathway
▪ ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

44
Q

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

Aerobic pathway

45
Q

NOT used by RBC metabolism (absence of mitochondria)

A

Aerobic pathway

46
Q

By Aerobic pathway:
Pyruvate is converted to (?)

A

acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)

47
Q

By Aerobic pathway:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.

A

38 ATP molecules

48
Q

By Aerobic pathway:
However, 2 ATP molecules are needed to initiate respiration so there is a (?).

A

net of 36 ATPs

49
Q

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
Pyruvate is converted to [?] (reaction is catalysed by LDH)

A

lactic acid

50
Q

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.

A

4 ATP molecules

51
Q

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
However, for anaerobic glycolysis to occur, 2 moles of ATP must be consumed resulting in a (?).

A

net gain of 2 ATP moles

52
Q

The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt contributes to (?).

A

10% of glycolysis

53
Q

It provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

A

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt

54
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of (?) needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

A

NADPH

55
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain (?) to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

A

GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM

56
Q

G-6-PD means

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

57
Q

G-6-PD deficiency often yields in the presence of (?)

A

Heinz bodies

58
Q

Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe2+ (Ferrous state) to be functional.

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

59
Q

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway maintains hemoglobin iron in (?) to be functional.

A

Fe2+ (Ferrous state)

60
Q

Responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for O2.

A

Rapoport- Leubering Pathway

61
Q

Rapoport- Leubering Pathway is responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for (?)

A

O2 or Oxygen

62
Q

Due to (?), red blood cells will eventually experience deterioration of their enzymes.

A

natural catabolism

63
Q

As (?), the mature RBCs are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including glycolytic enzymes that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.

A

nonnucleated cells

64
Q

is the destruction of senescent (aged) red blood cells by the spleen.

A

CULLING

65
Q

This type of hemolysis happens within the reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.

A

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

66
Q

It accounts for 90% of red cell destruction and leads to increased unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen.

A

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

67
Q

It is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.

A

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

68
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis is type of hemolysis happens within the (?) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.

A

reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN)

69
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% of red cell destruction.

A

90%

70
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis leads to increased (?).

A

unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen

71
Q

is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.

A

Extravascular Hemolysis

72
Q

It happens within BLOOD VESSELS when the complement is completely activated.

A

Intravascular Hemolysis/ Fragmentation/ Intravascular Hemolysis

73
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis happens within (?) when the complement is completely activated.

A

BLOOD VESSELS

74
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% destruction of aged red cell population

A

10%

75
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis leads to?

A

hemoglobinuria,
decreased haptoglobin
and hemopexin

76
Q

It is the type of hemolysis observed in ABO hemolysis.

A

Intravascular Hemolysis

Hematology 1 [LEC] (25 decks)

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