Diseases associated with Lipids

Question 1

Dyslipidaemia occurs when the
??? lipids are in the abnormal range

Answer 1

plasma/serum

Question 2

when the disorder is not due to an
identifiable underlying disease- is this primary or secondary dyslipidaemia?

Answer 2

primary

Question 3

when the disorder is a manifestation of some other disease. It is acquired via another cause or disease- is this primary or secondary dyslipidaemia?

Answer 3

secondary

Question 4

TRUE or FALSE: Post menopausal women have a hgiher TC (LDL-C) than males

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

Males have higher or lower (?) TG and lower HDL-C than females

Answer 5

higher

Question 6

Oestrogen increases LDL receptor activity and increases or decreases (?) the synthesis of Apo A-1

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

Oestrogens lower LDL-C and raise HDL-C whereas androgens have the opposite or same (?) effect

Answer 7

opposite

Question 8

However, Japanese have higher HDL-C than those found in Western countries. This does or doesn’t (?) change if westerners live in Japan proving there is some genetic incfluence

Answer 8

does not change

Question 8

HDL-C is inversely correlated with ???

Answer 8

adiposity

Question 8

Alcohol increases HDL-C (cholesterol inside HDL) and LPL activity which then increases catabolism of VLDL and generates surface constituents to form ???

Answer 8

HDL

Question 9

HDL-C is inversely correlated with plasma ???

Answer 9

TGs

Question 10

TRUE or FALSE: Coffee (boiled) increases cholesterol minimally (does not occur with tea or instant coffee), therefore appears to be caused by a lipid-rich constituent of coffee extracted by
boiling

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

No beneficial effects of reducing ??? fat intake on CVD and total mortality.

Answer 11

saturated

Question 12

20g per day of plant sterols/stanol esters reduces LDL-C by 10% because they reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the ??? = reduced amount of cholesterol going to liver
which responds by increasing LDL receptors and takes up more LDL particles from the bloodstream, reducing LDL-C.

Answer 12

GI tract

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE: Smoking reduces nitric oxide, but nitric oxide is crucial to maintain normal vascular tone

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

Nitric oxide (NO)
1. decreases or increases (?) leucocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, decreases expression of VCAM & ICAM, inhibits monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)

Answer 14

DECREASES

Question 15

Nitric Oxide (NO)
2. decreases or increases (?) endothelial permeability to lipoproteins & other atherogenic macromolecules

Answer 15

decreases

Question 16

nitric oxide (NO)
3. decreases or increases vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation & migration from internal elastic
lamina to the intima

Answer 16

decreases

Question 17

Nitric Oxide prevents platelet adhesion & aggregation, inhibits platelet hyperactivity or hypoactivity (?)

Answer 17

hyperactivity

Question 17

Primary or secondary (?) causes for Hypertriglyceridaemia:
Type I, IV and V

Answer 17

primary

Question 17

Primary or secondary (?) causes for Hypercholesterolaemia:
Type IIa

Answer 17

primary

Question 18

Primary or secondary (?) causes for Combined Hyperlipidaemia:
Type IIb, III

Answer 18

primary

Question 18

familial hyperchylomicronaemia is genetic type I: Reduced levels of
functional LPL/Inability to synthesise
apo-??? (LPL cofactor)

Answer 18

apo C-II

Question 19

Apo C-II deficiency = apo C-II is a cofactor for LPL, hence LPL is able or unable (?) to function normally, therefore unable to hydrolyse TG within chylomicrons

Answer 19

unable

Question 20

what is the treatment for Type I – familial hyperchylomicronaemia?

Answer 20

very low fat diet

Question 21

Type IV - Familial hypertriglyceridaemia: an increase or decrease (?) in VLDL as well as synthesis of VLDL & also reduced catabolism

Answer 21

increase

Question 22

treatment for Type IV - Familial hypertriglyceridaemia: diet, ideal body weight, avoid ??? & alcohol increase exercise, possibly drugs

Answer 22

sucrose

Question 23

which types of WHO classifications are at risk of pancreatitis?

Answer 23

Types I IV and V

Question 24

Type V – Familial hypertriglyceridaemia AKA Mixed hyperlipidaemia: mutation in the apo-??? gene causes increased VLDL production and reduced LPL

Answer 24

mutation in apo C-II gene

Question 25

treatment of type V is ??? such as fibrates and niacin

Answer 25

drugs

Question 26

Both chylomicrons and VLDL are triglyceride rich and therefore people with Type I, IV and V have ??? looking plasma

Answer 26

cloudy/creamy

Question 27

why acute pancreatitis in types I, IV, V? Hint: when TGs exceed normal amounts, chylomicrons are... They are large and may obstruct blood vessels = ...= exposure of TGs to ... = TG degradation ...= further local injury that increases ... = pancreatitis.

Answer 27

They are large and may obstruct blood vessels = local ishcemia = exposure of TGs to pancreatic lipases = TG degfradation can lead to cytotoxic injury = further local injury that increases inflammatory mediators and free radicals = pancreatitis.

Question 28

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high chylomicrons?

Answer 28

Type I

Question 29

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high VLDL?

Answer 29

Type IV

Question 30

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high VLDL and chylomicrons?

Answer 30

Type V because of Mutation in apo C-II gene

Question 31

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high LDL?

Answer 31

Type IIa heterozygous and even more homozygous

Question 32

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high LDL and VLDL?

Answer 32

Type IIb because of low LDL receptor and high apo B

Question 33

which type of dyslipidaemia primarily has high chyloremnants and high IDL?

Answer 33

Type III because of Mutation in apo E gene