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Pathophysiology MEDI212 > GUT Microbiome > Flashcards

GUT Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

is bifidobacteria good or bad?

A

good

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2
Q

are escherichia coli bacteria good or bad?

A

good

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3
Q

are lactobacilli good or bad?

A

good

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4
Q

are campylobacter bacteria good or bad?

A

bad

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5
Q

enterococcus faecalis good or bad?

A

bad

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6
Q

clostridium difficile good or bad?

A

bad

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7
Q

what does the gut microbiome do in relation to non-digestible fibre?

A

Non-digestible fibre (e.g dietary fibre) fermentation into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

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8
Q

SCFAs from bacteria-fermentation of non-digestible fibre includes: acetate, propionate, ???

A

butyrate

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9
Q

Propionate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation, is transferred to the liver and helps to regulate gluconeogenesis and ???

A

satiety

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10
Q

Acetate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation is the most abundant SCFA and essential for growth of other bacteria. It reaches peripheral tissues where it is used in ??? metabolism and lipogenesis
– Central to appetite regulation

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

Butyrate, a SCFA from bacterial fermentation, is the main energy source for human colonocytes. It can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells and can activate intestinal ???
– prevents gut microbiota dysbiosis

A

gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

Other specific products of the gut microbiota are ??? and indolepropionic acid

A

Trimethylamine

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Trimethylamine from dietary phosphatidylcholine and carnitine depends on gut microbiota, therefore levels varies greatly between people

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary ???
intake

A

fibre

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15
Q

Intestinal bacteria play a role in synthesizing vitamin ??? and K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols and xenobiotics

A

vitamin B

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16
Q

xenobiotics is a term used to describe ??? that are not usually naturally made or expected to be found within an organism

A

chemical substances

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17
Q

The systemic importance of the SCFAs and other compounds they produce are like hormones and the gut flora itself appears to function like an endocrine organ. Dysregulation of the gut flora has been correlated with ??? and ???conditions

A

inflammatory and autoimmune conditions

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18
Q

gut Microbiota includes Number of different microbe species > 1000 (include viruses and ???).

A

fungi

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19
Q

??? and firmicutes are the largest phyla of bacteria in human microbiome

A

Bacteroidetes

20
Q

Bacteroidetes are correlated with ??? and lean body types. They are supported/found in foods high in polyphenols (apple, pear, grapes,
cherries and many berries)

A

weight loss

21
Q

Firmicutes increase or decrease with higher caloric intake and are associated with Western cultures

A

Increase

22
Q

Higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is related to increased or decreased BMI

A

increased

23
Q

Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal tract may reduce obesity, ???, and inflammation.

A

diabetes

24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Increases in Akkermansia muciniphila have been
associated with multiple sclerosis.

A

TRUE

25
Q

an increase or decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila c is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity

A

decrease

26
Q

bifidobacterium play a role in regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, inhibition of ??? that colonise and/or infect the gut mucosa,

A

pathogens (including harmful bacteria)

27
Q

bifidobacterium play a role in modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of ??? activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.

A

procarcinogenic enzymatic

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and
lower levels of lipopolysaccharide in the intestine

A

TRUE

29
Q

Adding which bacteria, bifidobacterium OR akkermansia, as a probiotic to conventional treatment of ulcerative colitis has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission?

A

bifidobacterium

30
Q

lactobacillus protects host from potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of ???.

A

nutrients

31
Q

Beneficial varieties of lactobacillus or bifidobacterium (?) produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity and protect against carcinogens. It can help treat diarrhoea, vaginal infections and skin disorders such as eczema

A

lactobacillus

32
Q

E.coli can produce vitamin ??? (involved in blood clotting). Help keep other bad bacteria in check.

A

vitamin K2

33
Q

which one is a common cause of post-surgical infections and has been frequently found in re-infected
root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases:
Enterococcus Faecalis OR campylobacter

A

Enterococcus Faecalis

34
Q

Clostridium Difficile proliferate after a round of ??? and may become established in the human colon; it is present in 2–5% of the adult population

A

antibiotics

35
Q

food source of akkermansia includes:
- Prebiotic sources include fruits like
grapes, pomegranate and cranberries,
- fructooligosaccharides
- ??? (chicory root, garlic, bananas, onion)

A

Inulin

36
Q

Bifidobacterium are found in probiotic supplements, high fibre
foods, ??? (yoghurt, kefir, kimchi,
kombucha, tempeh)

A

fermented foods

37
Q

lactobacillus are found in pro-biotic
supplements, ???, kefir, buttermilk

A

yoghurt

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: jet lag is bad because it disrupts the daily fluctuations of gut bacteria

A

TRUE

39
Q

which diet promotes reduced incidence of neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric conditions, cancer and cardiovascular disease
from and increase in Bacteriodetes & increase Proteobacteria & Firmicute levels

A

mediterannean diet

40
Q

Dietary fibre - is the edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are ??? to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine, with complete or partial
fermentation in the large intestine

A

resistant

41
Q

Pre-biotics - a non-digestible food ingredient that ??? the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines

A

promotes

42
Q

is it pre-biotics or Pro-biotics that are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed

A

Pro-biotics

43
Q

probiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???:
- Yoghurt,
- Kefir,
- Sauerkraut,
- Tempeh,
- Kimchi,
- Miso,
- Kombucha
- garlic

A

garlic

44
Q

prebiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???:
- Foods containing inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides & resistant starch
- Garlic
- onions
- leeks
- Jerusalem artichokes
- chicory root
- Human milk oligo-saccharides
- leafy green vegetables

A

leafy green vegetables

45
Q

medications including proton-pump inhibitors, antibiotics, ???, Metformin are bad for the gut microbiome

A

NSAIDs

46
Q

Metformin (diabetes) – increase A. muciniphila (a butyrate-producer) and ???

A

Lactobacilli

Pathophysiology MEDI212 (14 decks)

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