GUT Microbiome

Question 1

is bifidobacteria good or bad?

Answer 1

good

Question 2

are escherichia coli bacteria good or bad?

Answer 2

good

Question 3

are lactobacilli good or bad?

Answer 3

good

Question 4

are campylobacter bacteria good or bad?

Answer 4

bad

Question 5

enterococcus faecalis good or bad?

Answer 5

bad

Question 6

clostridium difficile good or bad?

Answer 6

bad

Question 7

what does the gut microbiome do in relation to non-digestible fibre?

Answer 7

Non-digestible fibre (e.g dietary fibre) fermentation into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

Question 8

SCFAs from bacteria-fermentation of non-digestible fibre includes: acetate, propionate, ???

Answer 8

butyrate

Question 9

Propionate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation, is transferred to the liver and helps to regulate gluconeogenesis and ???

Answer 9

satiety

Question 10

Acetate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation is the most abundant SCFA and essential for growth of other bacteria. It reaches peripheral tissues where it is used in ??? metabolism and lipogenesis
– Central to appetite regulation

Answer 10

cholesterol

Question 11

Butyrate, a SCFA from bacterial fermentation, is the main energy source for human colonocytes. It can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells and can activate intestinal ???
– prevents gut microbiota dysbiosis

Answer 11

gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Other specific products of the gut microbiota are ??? and indolepropionic acid

Answer 12

Trimethylamine

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE: Trimethylamine from dietary phosphatidylcholine and carnitine depends on gut microbiota, therefore levels varies greatly between people

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary ???
intake

Answer 14

fibre

Question 15

Intestinal bacteria play a role in synthesizing vitamin ??? and K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols and xenobiotics

Answer 15

vitamin B

Question 16

xenobiotics is a term used to describe ??? that are not usually naturally made or expected to be found within an organism

Answer 16

chemical substances

Question 17

The systemic importance of the SCFAs and other compounds they produce are like hormones and the gut flora itself appears to function like an endocrine organ. Dysregulation of the gut flora has been correlated with ??? and ???conditions

Answer 17

inflammatory and autoimmune conditions

Question 18

gut Microbiota includes Number of different microbe species > 1000 (include viruses and ???).

Answer 18

fungi

Question 19

??? and firmicutes are the largest phyla of bacteria in human microbiome

Answer 19

Bacteroidetes

Question 20

Bacteroidetes are correlated with ??? and lean body types. They are supported/found in foods high in polyphenols (apple, pear, grapes,
cherries and many berries)

Answer 20

weight loss

Question 21

Firmicutes increase or decrease with higher caloric intake and are associated with Western cultures

Answer 21

Increase

Question 22

Higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is related to increased or decreased BMI

Answer 22

increased

Question 23

Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal tract may reduce obesity, ???, and inflammation.

Answer 23

diabetes

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE: Increases in Akkermansia muciniphila have been
associated with multiple sclerosis.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

an increase or decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila c is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity

Answer 25

decrease

Question 26

bifidobacterium play a role in regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, inhibition of ??? that colonise and/or infect the gut mucosa,

Answer 26

pathogens (including harmful bacteria)

Question 27

bifidobacterium play a role in modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of ??? activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.

Answer 27

procarcinogenic enzymatic

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE: Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and lower levels of lipopolysaccharide in the intestine

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Adding which bacteria, bifidobacterium OR akkermansia, as a probiotic to conventional treatment of ulcerative colitis has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission?

Answer 29

bifidobacterium

Question 30

lactobacillus protects host from potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of ???.

Answer 30

nutrients

Question 31

Beneficial varieties of lactobacillus or bifidobacterium (?) produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity and protect against carcinogens. It can help treat diarrhoea, vaginal infections and skin disorders such as eczema

Answer 31

lactobacillus

Question 32

E.coli can produce vitamin ??? (involved in blood clotting). Help keep other bad bacteria in check.

Answer 32

vitamin K2

Question 33

which one is a common cause of post-surgical infections and has been frequently found in re-infected root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases: Enterococcus Faecalis OR campylobacter

Answer 33

Enterococcus Faecalis

Question 34

Clostridium Difficile proliferate after a round of ??? and may become established in the human colon; it is present in 2–5% of the adult population

Answer 34

antibiotics

Question 35

food source of akkermansia includes: - Prebiotic sources include fruits like grapes, pomegranate and cranberries, - fructooligosaccharides - ??? (chicory root, garlic, bananas, onion)

Answer 35

Inulin

Question 36

Bifidobacterium are found in probiotic supplements, high fibre foods, ??? (yoghurt, kefir, kimchi, kombucha, tempeh)

Answer 36

fermented foods

Question 37

lactobacillus are found in pro-biotic supplements, ???, kefir, buttermilk

Answer 37

yoghurt

Question 38

TRUE or FALSE: jet lag is bad because it disrupts the daily fluctuations of gut bacteria

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

which diet promotes reduced incidence of neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric conditions, cancer and cardiovascular disease from and increase in Bacteriodetes & increase Proteobacteria & Firmicute levels

Answer 39

mediterannean diet

Question 40

Dietary fibre - is the edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are ??? to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine, with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine

Answer 40

resistant

Question 41

Pre-biotics - a non-digestible food ingredient that ??? the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines

Answer 41

promotes

Question 42

is it pre-biotics or Pro-biotics that are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed

Answer 42

Pro-biotics

Question 43

probiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???: - Yoghurt, - Kefir, - Sauerkraut, - Tempeh, - Kimchi, - Miso, - Kombucha - garlic

Answer 43

garlic

Question 44

prebiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???: - Foods containing inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides & resistant starch - Garlic - onions - leeks - Jerusalem artichokes - chicory root - Human milk oligo-saccharides - leafy green vegetables

Answer 44

leafy green vegetables

Question 45

medications including proton-pump inhibitors, antibiotics, ???, Metformin are bad for the gut microbiome

Answer 45

NSAIDs

Question 46

Metformin (diabetes) – increase A. muciniphila (a butyrate-producer) and ???

Answer 46

Lactobacilli