Eloctrolytes

Question 1

Osmotic pressure = pressure needed to oppose (i.e. stop) the movement of water across ???

Answer 1

the membrane

Question 2

Tonicity = solute concentration
of 2 solutions separated by a
??? membrane

Answer 2

semipermeable

Question 3

Tonicity determines the movement of water and cell ??? across the cell membrane.

Answer 3

cell size

Question 4

Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) can help determine which, if any, solutes move from one solution to another across membrane

Answer 4

Osmolarity

Question 5

Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) merely helps to determine whether water would flow into a given solution from its surrounding solution, or if it would lose its water to the outside solution.

Answer 5

Tonicity

Question 6

pushing force ie pressure of the fluid on the capillary walls is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 6

hydrostatic pressure

Question 7

Pulling force ie pressure needed to oppose the movement of water across the membrane is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

osmotic pressure

Question 8

oedema is caused by a decrease or increaser (?) in colloids = decreased osmotic pressure. e.g. loss of plasma proteins eg proteinuria in kidney disease

Answer 8

decreased colloids

Question 8

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space is characteristic of which illness?

Answer 8

Oedema

Question 9

nephrotic syndrome has a rentention of water and sodium because of Albumin loss = increased OR decreased (?) blood volume = increased secretion of renin & aldosterone as well as ADH = Na+ &
water retention

Answer 9

decreased

Question 9

Why do wounds heal more slowly in people with oedema?

Answer 9

Oedema compresses arteries in the area = reduced blood flow & capillary exchange and supply of nutrients to cell for energy, function and reproduction

Question 10

Hypoalbuminemia causes general oedema because of a lower osmotic pressure which promotes a shift of fluid from capillaries into the ??? fluid

Answer 10

interstitial fluid

Question 10

vomiting causes dehydration as water moves from the ??? compartment to the digestive tract

Answer 10

vascular compartment

Question 11

skin breakdown is common in patients with prolonged oedema because prolonged oedema interferes with arterial or venous (?) circulation & capillary exchange reducing mitosis in the skin & predisposing to skin breakdown

Answer 11

arterial

Question 12

causes of dehydration don’t include which one?
- Vomiting & diarrhea
- insufficient H20 intake eg elderly / comatose person
- medications
- drainage of any portion of digestive system
- excessive sweating
- diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 12

trick question, they all do

Question 13

diarrhoea types: Osmotic – too much or not enough (?) water drawn into bowel eg lactose intolerance. Retain solutes such as Na and lose water

Answer 13

too much water

Question 14

diarrhoea types: Inflammatory – damage and destruction to epithelium eg Campylobacter. Inefficient absorption of water and loss of ??? and electrolytes

Answer 14

protein

Question 14

diarrhoea types: Secretory- when Cl- is lost, Na & water will follow eg
cholera. Losses are ??? but massive

Answer 14

isotonic

Question 14

diarrhoea types: Hypermobility eg due to medication TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

what is lost in diarrhoea?
- Fluid
- ???
- Bicarbonate
- ??? (hint helps coagulate/ blood clot)
- Protein (if inflammatory)

Answer 15

• Na
• K

Question 16

Infants /kids require proportionally greater volumes of water than adults to maintain their fluid equilibrium and are more susceptible to volume
depletion because their kidneys …??? and they also have a higher TBW & higher metabolic rates & higher insensible fluid losses & higher turnover of fluids and solute

Answer 16

are slower and more limited
in ability to compensate for
fluid loss

Question 17

dehydration : loss of more electrolytes than water is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?

Answer 17

hypotonic dehydration

Question 18

dehydration: loss of more water than electrolytes is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?

Answer 18

hypertonic dehydration

Question 19

isotonic dehydration is an ??? loss of water and electrolytes from inadequate water intake and/or hypovolemia

Answer 19

equal

Question 20

fluid deficit such as Isotonic dehydration can be from sweating = loss of H2O & ???

Answer 20

NaCl

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE: Losing electrolytes affects ??? balance due to osmotic pressure changes between compartments. To restore balance, electrolytes & water must be replaced not just one component – choice of IV fluid crucial

Answer 21

water

Question 22

sports drinks are a good replacement for electrolytes because they: replace lost Na, restoring balance in the body. H20 alone would dilute electrolytes in ECF or ICF (?), decreasing OP and lead to further fluid shifts in the body. Glucose = nutrient for cells with higher metabolic rate= reduced risk of acidosis.

Answer 22

ECF

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE: dehydration causes increased hematocrit (ratio RBC: blood volume)

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

does dehydration cause specific gravity of urine to increase or decrease?

Answer 24

increase

Question 25

water, Na+, K+, HCO3, glucose & other nutrients are lost in dehydration or fever?

Answer 25

dehydration

Question 26

water, NaCl (sweat), CO2 (increased respirations) are lost in dehydration or fever?

Answer 26

fever

Question 26

What are the clinical manifestations of severe dehydration? - ??? mucous membranes, - Decreased tissue turgor, - decreased urine output, - decreased vascular volume

Answer 26

dry

Question 27

isotonic imbalance is the gain/loss of ECF that causes or doesn't cause (?) shrinking/swelling of cells

Answer 27

doesn't cause

Question 28

Imbalance that results in concentration of the ECF via water loss or solute gain; results in cells shrinking is hypertonic or hypotonic?

Answer 28

hypertonic

Question 29

Imbalance that results in dilution of the ECF via water gain or solute loss; results in cells SWELLING hypertonic of hypotonic

Answer 29

hypotonic

Question 30

Isotonic fluid loss: eg lose ??? such as in the case of haemorrhage or excess sweating

Answer 30

plasma or ECF

Question 31

Isotonic fluid gain can be caused, for example, by ??? normal saline

Answer 31

excess

Question 32

Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal when Na is increased or decreased (?) - can be caused by IVF from the excess hypertonic salt solution

Answer 32

increased

Question 33

Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal from water deficit and can also be affected from ??? from diabetes

Answer 33

hyperglycaemia

Question 34

hypertonic OR hypotonic (?) solutions: End result = ECF hypertonicity attracts water from intracellular space → ICF dehydration

Answer 34

hypertonic

Question 35

Pathophysiology of ???: water loss or acute gain in Na. Causes ICF and ECF dehydration. Usually always follows deficit of ECF water (eg sweating, watery diarrhea, DI, fever) or inadequate water intake

Answer 35

hypernatremia

Question 36

What are the following symptoms for? Water is redistributed from to the ECF = IC dehydration. Thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension & restlessness (as a result of water loss) - Specific gravity of urine = >1.03 (N:1.005-1.030) - CNS symptoms related to shrinking of brain cells are most serious eg convulsions, agitation, cerebral haemorrage

Answer 36

Hypernatremia

Question 37

Osmolality of the ECF is less than normal from decreased ??? water excess, Isotonic dehydration treated with hypotonic solution

Answer 37

Na

Question 38

Deficits in Na = decreased in cell’s ability to depolarise and repolarise. symptoms are lethargy, confusion, muscle weakness, twitching/convulsions. This is characteristic of ???

Answer 38

hyponatremia

Question 39

Hypokalaemia: Severe K+ deficiencies are characterised by - Weak respiratory muscles = deep or shallow (?) respirations - Cardiac dysrhythmias - prolonged repolarisation = cardiac arrest

Answer 39

shallow respirations

Question 40

Treatment of what electrolyte deficiency is via:  IV infusion (emergency), supplements  one glass of milk supplies only 300mg of it

Answer 40

calcium

Question 41

the CATS of hypocalcaemia stand for Convulsion Arrhythmia T ??? Spasms, stridor

Answer 41

Tetany

Question 42

Hypocalcaemia or Hypercalcaemia cause neural excitability is decreased = loss muscle tone, weakness ie sluggish nerve conduction?

Answer 42

Hypercalcaemia

Question 43

treatment of ??? includes  diuretics (increased Na excretion & Ca excretion)  drugs to inhibit bone resorption

Answer 43

Hypercalcaemia