terminology

Question 1

Idiopathic - cause of disease is KNOWn or UNKNOWN?

Answer 1

unknown

Question 2

Iatrogenic - treatment, procedure or error may cause a disease, e.g. catheter = ???

Answer 2

UTI

Question 3

Predisposing factors - promote ??? of disease.

Answer 3

development

Question 4

Pathogenesis: Sequence of events at a ??? level from initial “aetiologic event” until known disease.

Answer 4

cellular/tissue

Question 5

TRUE or FALSE: Pathogenesis is not about the cause but often describes events/diagnosis of symptoms before the disease is diagnosed.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Morphological changes relate to structural cell or ??? changes characteristic of a disease.

Answer 6

tissue

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE: Signs and symptoms may be related to the primary disorder (e.g. genetic syndromes with a cluster of characteristics) OR represent the body’s defence or coping mechanisms (e.g. fever, changes in urine output)

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Signs - obvious to someone other that the subject e.g. ???, ???

Answer 8

fever, skin rash

Question 9

Symptoms - subjective feelings e.g. ???, ???

Answer 9

pain, nausea

Question 10

Lesion - describes a specific local change in the cell or tissue?

Answer 10

tissue

Question 11

Syndrome - collections of signs & symptoms that occur together or seperately?

Answer 11

together

Question 12

Epidemiology - the science of tracking the pattern or ??? of disease

Answer 12

occurrence

Question 13

Prevalence of disease - indicates the number of cases of a disease that are present in a population at a ???

Answer 13

specific time

Question 14

Incidence of disease - indicates the number of new cases within a given ???

Answer 14

time period

Question 15

many cases of infectious disease
within a given area = pandemic or epidemic?

Answer 15

epidemic

Question 16

high number of cases in several
areas = pandemic or epidemic?

Answer 16

pandemic

Question 17

H1N1 – Swine Flu is an example of an epidemic or pandemic?

Answer 17

pandemic

Question 18

sudden illness = Acute disease OR chronic disease?

Answer 18

acute disease

Question 19

milder but long-term illness = acute disease OR chronic disease?

Answer 19

chronic disease

Question 20

Subclinical state - pathological changes have occurred but no ???

Answer 20

manifestations

Question 21

latent stage or “silent” stage = clinical signs PRESENT or HIDDEN?
e.g. incubation period - infectious disease

Answer 21

Present

Question 22

Prodromal period - early OR late (?) development of disease

Answer 22

early

Question 23

A precipitating factor - a condition that triggers an ??? e.g. a seizure or a mild heart attack

Answer 23

acute episode

Question 24

Complications refer to new secondary or additional
problems that arise after the ???

Answer 24

original disease begins

Question 25

Clinical Course of disease is the progression of disease over time including the ??? of changes, the sequence of events and how long it takes eg Chronic, acute, recurrent, relapsing

Answer 25

speed of changes

Question 26

Sequelae refers to the potential outcome of the primary OR secondary (?) disease e.g. scar tissue & its effects

Answer 26

primary

Question 27

Morbidity indicates disease ??? within a group

Answer 27

rates

Question 28

Convalescence refers to the period of recovery & return to ??? state

Answer 28

normal healthy

Question 29

biopsy refers to ??? specimens

Answer 29

tissue

Question 30

what is the study of diseases from the perspective of structural, particularly histological, abnormalities of cells & tissues

Answer 30

Histopathology

Question 31

what is the study of primary diseases of the blood, as well as the effects of other diseases on the blood

Answer 31

haemotology

Question 32

Chemical pathology is the study of biochemical abnormalities in the ???, urine and other tissues

Answer 32

blood

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: Immunopathology - analysis of the immune function

Answer 33

true

Question 34

Common diagnostic tests include: Imaging technology or ???, blood and urine tests, nuclear scanning, endoscopic

Answer 34

radiology

Question 35

Nuclear scanning is a bone scan that will reveal stress fracture, fracture, infection or cancer in the ??? or ???

Answer 35

bone or joints.

Question 36

Haematocrit = volume of packed red blood cells to ??? blood volume

Answer 36

total blood volume

Question 37

Plasma = anticoagulant was or wasn't (?) used and will contain clotting factors like fibrinogen.

Answer 37

WAS used

Question 38

Serum = anticoagulant was or wasn't (?) used and the blood clots, and will not contain fibrinogen.

Answer 38

was NOT

Question 39

an increase in renin = hypo or hyper tension ?

Answer 39

hypertension

Question 40

production of excessive amounts of urine can be a sign of: - hormonal or metabolic disorders like diabetes - damage to the ???= glomerulonephritis

Answer 40

glomeruli

Question 41

Anuria - urine volume 0-50ml/day is a sign of serious ??? problems & potential failure

Answer 41

kidney/renal

Question 42

TRUE or FALSE Routine Urinalysis = physical examination

Answer 42

true

Question 43

specific gravity of urine- shows the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine to clear waste from the ???.

Answer 43

plasma

Question 44

Specific gravity is the ratio of ??? of substance to that of an equal volume of water (urine osmolality) and is greater than 1

Answer 44

weight

Question 45

If you are dehydrated the specific gravity of your urine will increase or decrease?

Answer 45

increase

Question 46

Specific gravity of 1.005-1.030- The effect of increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone) production will increase or decrease specific gravity of urine?

Answer 46

increase because: ADH is a hormone which causes the kidneys to absorb more water – decreasing the volume of urine produced.

Question 47

The effect of diabetes insipidus on specific gravity? increase or decrease?

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

Haematuria - presence of ??? in urine

Answer 48

RBC

Question 49

Proteinuria (albuminuria) - presence of protein in urine (normal <10mg/100ml). Common in ???, all forms of renal disease

Answer 49

pregnancy

Question 50

*Haemoglobinuria presence of Hb in urine, e.g. increase or decrease (?) RBC haemolysis

Answer 50

increase in

Question 51

Bilirubin - normal is 0 If > 0, indicates increased destruction of RBC & the breakdown of haeme to bilirubin, where the bilirubin is excreted into ???. e.g. obstructive jaundice

Answer 51

bile