Diseases Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is heart failure?
When the blood returning to the heart cannot be pumped out at a rate matching the body’s need, heart failure occurs.
When the failing heart allows fluid congestion and edema to accumulate in the body
What are the disease myocardial dysfunction is seen in?
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Taurine deficiency in cats
What is circulatory failure a result of?
Hypovolemia( shock,hemorrhage,dehydration)
Anemia
Valvular dysfunction
Congenital shunts or defects
What is Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Primarily affects older, male, large and giant breed dogs
Rare in dogs weighting <12kg
Also seen in dogs fed grain-free diets( taurine deficiency)
Dilation of all heart chambers* caused by weak, thin and flabby cardiac muscle
Low cardiac output, high cardiac afterload, impaired systolic function of ventricles- low- output circulatory failure
Often accompanied by atrial fibrilation*
Progressive disease- almost always fatal( 6months- 2yrs)
What are the signs of Dilated cardiomyopathy?
Weakness
Exercise intolerance
Syncope
left sided murmur mitral regurgitation
What are the signs of A fib?
Lack of heart sounds
Blood pressure and pulse
What is feline Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Most common cardiomyopathy of cats* ,neutered male most at risk
Left ventricular muscle thickens* , decreases the filling capacity often blocks the outflow of blood during systole
Mitra regurgitation and aortic embolism common
What causes HCM?
Cause may be related to abnormal myocardial myosin or calcium transport w/in myocardial cells
What are the signs of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
A soft, systolic murmur grade2-3 or 6
Gallop rhythms or other arrhythmias
Acute onset of heart failure or systemic thromboembolism
How do you diagnose Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Radiographs : may show normal size heart or mild left atrial enlargement. May see the valentine heart shape in the dorsoventral view.
ECG
Echocardiology
Biomarkers-lab
How do you treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Drug therapy
What is a Thromboembolism?
Complication of myocardial disease in cats
Development of clot w/in Left side of heart, dislodge, become trapped elsewhere in the body
90% lodge in distal aortic trifurcation- “saddle thrombus”- hindlimb pain and paresis*
Can lodge in other locations
What are the signs of thromboembolism?
Acute onset of rear leg pain and paresis accompanied by vocalization
Cold, bluish foot pads
Lack of palpable pulses in rear limbs
Lack of palpable pulses in rear limbs
History or clinical findings of myocardial disease
How to diagnose thromboembolism?
Clinical signs
No selective angiography if available
How do you treat thromboembolism?
Dissolve the thrombus (tPA or heparin)
Prophylaxis- low dose asprin*
What is Patent Ductus Ar
Failure of the ductus arteries is to close after birth
12-14 hours
If it remains open- blood will hyper perfume the lung- Left side of heart will become volume overloaded- “machinery murmur” best heard over base of heart
What are the signs of PDA?
Loud murmur heard over left base of the heart( may be absent as move toward apex)
Exercise intolerence*
Stunted growth*
Puppies mat be asymptomatic
How do you diagnose PDA?
ECG
Radiographs
Echo
How do you treat PDA?
Surgical correction
What is atrial and ventricular septal defects?
Defect in te heart development* structural*
Patency of AV septum
Atrial: atrial skepticaldefects ASD* Blood shunts left-right ,overloads right side
Ventricular: ventricular skeptical defectsVSD* left side of heart is overloaded and enlarged
What are the signs of atrial and ventricular septal defects?
Typical breedASD: soft, systolic murmur, split-second heart sound
VSD: harsh, holosystic murmur, right sternal border
Signs of CHF before 8 weeks of age
How do you diagnose atrial and ventricular septal defects?
X-rays
Echocardiology
How do you treat Atrial and ventricular septal defects?
ASD: medical management of CHF
VSD: medical management of CHF
What is chronic mitral valve insufficiency?
The most commonly encountered CV disorder in the dog
Progressive disorder- 98% of all CHF cases in small dogs
Rare in cats
Nodular thickening of the valve free edges- contraction and rolling
Stiff leaflets fail to close properly- blood backup into left atrium- rupture of chordate tendinae and dilation of the left atrium
Chronic periodontal disease can increase progression*
