Diseases Of The Eye Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Rarely a rimary disease process, find underlying causes
Immune-mediated, allergic,anatomical,bacterial
What are the signs of conjunctivitis?
Chemostasis( conjunctival swelling)
Hyperemia (redness) ocular discharge(serous or purulent)
How do you diagnose conjunctivitis?
Physical exam: diagnose primary diseases/o foreign bodies of the presence of follicles
+/- schimrer tear test
Conjunctivalscraping, cytology, C&S
How do you treat conjunctivitis?
Resolve underlying systemic disease
Topical antibiotics
Nonsteroidal ointments
Keep eyes clear of dried exudate
Topical antivirals
What is epiphora?
Overflow of tears, the body produces too much tears, my b due to faulty drainage by the lacrimal system
Blockage of the lacrimal duct by swelling or inflammatory cells
Imperforate punctuation
Trauma
Brachycephalics- large globes in shallow orbit
Little room for tear accumulation
What are the signs of epiphora?
Watering yes- acute or chronic
Wet facial hair in the medial canthus
Secondary bacterial infection of the skin at the medial canthus
“ tear staining” brown stuff on white dogs
How do you diagnose epiphora?
Complete eye exam
Test potency of nasolacriml system using fluorescent stain
How do you treat epiphora?
Treat the primary cause of eye pain/ irritation
Flush the nasolacrimal ducts
Surgically open imperforate puncta
What is entropion?
The eyelid of the animal rolls in against the cornea
What are the signs of entropion?
Rolling in of the lid margins, epiphora,chemosis, conjunctival erythema, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, pain, +/- contrail ulcer, photophobia
What is ectropion?
Eyelid of the animal rolls outward, exposing the cornea
What are the signs of ectropion?
Eyelid rolls outward lid eversión, conjunctivitis, epiphora, keratitis, purulent exudate
How do you treat entropion and ectropion?
Surgical correction for both
How do you diagnose entropion and ectropion?
Observe the lids and their interaction with the globe
Complete ocular exam: cornea, conjunctiva, lid margins
Do not sedate patient
What is a Glaucoma?
Severely elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)
IOP> 30 mm Hg
Eyeball= a relatively closed system housed in a bony orbit
An up arrow in globe contents- up arrow IOP b/c expansion is limited
More aqueous fluid is produced than leaves the eye
What are the classifications of Glaucoma?
Primary classification- inherited affects both eyes
Secondary classification- obstruction of the drainage angles secondary to another disease process of the eye
Acute- IOP>60 mm Hg- disruption of retinal ganglion cells and circulation - blindness
Chronic- sustained high IOP - painful,blind eye, unresponsive to medical therapy
Normal IOP -canine/ feline= 12-22 mm Hg
What are the acute signs of Glaucoma?
Ocular pain
Conjunctival and episcleral injection
Diffuse corneal edema
Dilated pupil, low or absent PLR
+/_ blindness
What are the chronic signs of Glaucoma?
Buphthalmiass(enlarged globe)
Corneal striae, optic disk cupping
Pain
Blindness
How do you diagnose Glaucoma
Measured IOP 30mm Hg
Clinical signs
R/o lens luxation as cause
How do you treat Glaucoma?
Goal of tax: lower IOP rapidly to prevent permanent injury
Acute: drug therapy: lower aqueous humor production, facilitate and higher aqueous outflow, diuretics
Surgical: procedures that lower aqueous production by destroying part of the ciliary body, procedures that higher aqueous outflow
Chronic: for a blind, painful eye, surgery is the treatment of choice to relieve pain
Intraocular evsceration with an implant
Enucleation
Ciliary ablation using gentamicin intravitreal injection
What is Ulcerative Keratitis (corneal ulcers) ?
A full- thickness loss of corneal epithelium- exposed stroma
Corneal layers; epithelium, stroma, descemet membrane, endothelium
Watch healing closely; painful control and e- collar
Uncomplicated ulcers within 48 hours, healing
If ulcers breaches stroma, descemet’s membrane-
What are the signs of Ulcerative keratitis( corneal Ulcers)
Epiphora
Blepharospasm ( pain)
Conjunctival hyperemia
How do you diagnose ulcerative keratitis ( corneal ulcers)?
Through eye exam
Fluorescent stain- absorbed well by stroma but not epithelium
Possible C&S
How do you treat Ulcerative Keratitis(corneal Ulcers)
Topical atropine 1% ointment can be used to decrease pain and blepharospasm
Topical broad-spectrum antibiotics ophthalmic ointment can be used four - six times a day
Surgery is another option: grid keratotomy( does not appear to improve healing time in cats)
Superficial keratotomy eyelid flaps
Conjunctival flaps
Contact lenses
Serum: prepare patient serum from a blood sample. Apply 1 drop into the eye every 2-4 hours daily.
Recheck in 24-48 hours of healing
