dissection - internal structure of the heart

Question 1

major features n the right atrium

Answer 1

openings of the superior and inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
fossa ovalis
right atrioventricular valve(tricuspid)

Question 2

features of the right ventricle

Answer 2

semi lunar valve (tri)
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae (fibrous strands)

Question 3

features of the left ventricle

Answer 3

semi lunar valve
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae

Question 4

features of the left atrium

Answer 4

bicuspid valve

pulmonary vein openings

Question 5

function of atrioventricular valve

Answer 5

prevent back flow to the atrium during ventricular systole

Question 6

function of the semi lunar alves

Answer 6

prevent back flow of blood to ventricles during

Question 7

how would you know if valves were in competant

Answer 7

leakage of blood back would cause a murmur

Question 8

where would you listen for the tricuspid valve

Answer 8

parasternal (middle of thorax)

left 4th/intercostal space

Question 9

where would you listen for the bicuspid valve

Answer 9

5th intercostal space

left mid clavicular line

Question 10

listening for aortic valve

Answer 10

parasternal

right 2nd intercostal space

Question 11

listening for pulmonary vale

Answer 11

parasternal

2nd left intercostal space

Question 12

what is the foramen ovale noe + when should it close

where is it found

Answer 12

fossa ovalis
after birth
between left and right atria

Question 13

what is cyanosis

Answer 13

pathological condition
blue cast to skin and mucous membranes
peripheral cyanosis - blue discolouration to hands or feet
caused by low O2 levels in RBCs/problems getting oxygenated blood to body

Question 14

what is the coronary sinus

Answer 14

collection of veins joined together (vessel) that returns deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue to the right atrium

Question 15

what phase to coronary arteries fill

Answer 15

diastole
they are compressed during systole
coronary arteries also under lower pressure

Question 16

what is the conducting system of the heart (inc. what does it include)

Answer 16

specialise cardiac muscle cells that distribute electrical impulses
SAN
AV 
bundle of HIS
purkinje fibres

Question 17

what happens if the conducting system does not work properly

Answer 17

arythmia

Question 18

where is the sinuatrial node

Answer 18

posterior wall of the right atrium

near to entrance of superior vena cava

Question 19

where is the AV node

Answer 19

floor right atrium

near opening of coronary sinus

Question 20

how can arrhytmisas be treated

Answer 20

pacemaker connected to SA node or apex

inserted through one of external jugular vein or subclavian vein

Question 21

how can you know if wires of pacemaker are in the correct location

Answer 21

radiologically

Question 22

what can you identify on the x ray

Answer 22

clavicle
sternum 
ribs 
scapula
vertebral column

Question 23

can you see cartilage on x ray

Answer 23

no

Question 24

which chambers and vessels form the right/left borders of the shadow

Answer 24

right - right atrium and superior vena cava

left - left ventricle and left auricle

Question 25

great vessels seen on the x ray

Answer 25

bulge of the aorta superior VC decending aorta

Question 26

how big should heart be on X ray of normal patient

Answer 26

clenched fist

Question 27

what is the cardiothoracic ratio

Answer 27

ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter and maximal horizontal thoracic diameter normal measurement - less than 0.5

Question 28

what chamber is not seen on standard X ray

Answer 28

left atrium

Question 29

what lies posterior to the invisible chamber of the x ray

Answer 29

oesophagus

Question 30

what is dysphagia

Answer 30

difficulties with swallowing

Question 31

where is the oesophagus likely to be compressed

Answer 31

``` enlargement of the left atrium of the heart aortic aneurysm abnormal thyroid gland bony outgrowth from spine cancer ```

Question 32

sympathetic preganglionic axon

Answer 32

short myelinated exit SC enters sympathetic ganglion in trunk synapses at autonomic ganglion with cell bodies of post ganglionic fibres (sympathetic chain)

Question 33

post ganglionic sympathetic axon

Answer 33

long to effector | starts at autonomic ganglion in sympathetic chain

Question 34

where do sympathetic axons leave CNS

Answer 34

thoracic 1-12 lumbar 1-3 enter sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the SC

Question 35

how are sympathetic axons distributed to their target organs

Answer 35

follow blood vessels

Question 36

how do fibres reach parts that do not have direct sympathetic outflow

Answer 36

sympathetic chain continues beyond Thoracolumbar region and cervical sympathetic chain and pelvic chain

Question 37

what muscle is the diagphagm made of

Answer 37

skeletal

Question 38

where is the central tendon found

Answer 38

middle of the diaphragm

Question 39

where do the aorta, IVC and oesophagus pass through

Answer 39

IVC - central tendon oesophagus - muscle aorta - passes behind it

Question 40

where do the components of cardiac plexus come from and function

Answer 40

sympathetic - cardiac nerves from ST para - cardiac branches of vagus nerve influence CO, HR

Question 41

trachea splitting

Answer 41

``` trache primary bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles ```

Question 42

where are foreign bodies more likely to enter

Answer 42

right bronchi | more vertical, wider, shorter

Question 43

wat are lymph nodes

Answer 43

small glands

Question 44

what do lymph nodes do

Answer 44

filter lymph

Question 45

what happens to lymph nodes after an immune response

Answer 45

enlargement

Question 46

which chamber of the heart is directly related to the oesphagus

Answer 46

left atrium

Question 47

which bronchi is related to the oesophagus

Answer 47

left bronchus

Question 48

where is the arch of the aorta related to the osphagus

Answer 48

lies on the left side of oseophagus

Question 49

how is the SA node affected by impulses

Answer 49

cardiac nerve plexus carries para and sympathetic input

Question 50

purpose of the lymphoid system

Answer 50

carry excess tissue fluid back to the circualrotry system