muscles and joint

Question 1

types of muscle

Answer 1

smooth
striated
cardiact

Question 2

describe smooth

Answer 2

spindle shaped cells
centrally placed nuclei
no pattern
2 layers - longitudinal and circular layer

Question 3

desribe cardiac muscle

Answer 3

short branched fibres
joined by intercalated dics
centrally placed nuclei
short contraction duration

Question 4

what surrounds cardiac muscle

Answer 4

white parts which contain glycogen stores

Question 5

what are in the intercalated disks

Answer 5

desmosomes

gap junctions

Question 6

features of cariomyocutes

Answer 6

involuntary
pulsate without nervous stimulation
controlled by ANS (cardiac plexus)

Question 7

where is smooth muscle found

Answer 7

visceral muscles and organs

Question 8

describe skeetla/sttriated mscel

Answer 8

nucleus at the top
arranged in regular arrangement of contractile proteins
control of somatic NS
multinucleate, myoblast cells fuse

Question 9

what are the layers which surround msucle

Answer 9

endomysium
perimyosium
epimysium

Question 10

what surrounds the bundles of facials

Answer 10

epimysium

Question 11

what surrounds facicles

Answer 11

perimysium

Question 12

what surrounds individual fibres

Answer 12

endomysium

Question 13

what do myofilaments contain

Answer 13

actin

myosin

Question 14

describe myosin

Answer 14

globular heads

shafts wrapped around each other

Question 15

describe actin

Answer 15

2 beaded chains which cross link

G actin to form F actin (polymer)

Question 16

what happens during contraction

Answer 16

myosin pulls inwards
shortens sarcomere
myosin heads are hinged

Question 17

what are the bands/lines

Answer 17

H band - myosin only
A band - myosin and actin
I band - only actin
Z line - disk connection between sarcomeres
M line - attachment site for myosin

Question 18

types of skeletal muscle

Answer 18

1 - slow
2A - intermediate
2B - fast

Question 19

describe type 1 fibres

Answer 19

slow twitch
used in posture
los of mitochondria and capillaries 
red appearance (myoglobin)
areoci metablosims

Question 20

desrbe type 2B fibres

Answer 20

fast twitch
white appearance (lack of myoglobin)
anaerobic conditions (glycolytic)
fatigue easily
powerful movements

Question 21

descrie type 2A fibres

Answer 21

intermmediate
little of myoglobin
contract rapidly
oxidative and glycolytic metabolism

Question 22

what innervates motor units

Answer 22

single motor neurone

Question 23

what determines the amount of control of muscle

Answer 23

motor ratio

how many muscle fibres the neurone innervates

Question 24

what is graded muscle contraction

Answer 24

recruits a certian amount of motor units depending on function and load

Question 25

what control muscles

Answer 25

muscle spindles

Question 26

what are the sensory receptors in. muscle

Answer 26

extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres

Question 27

descibre intrafusal fibres

Answer 27

send proprioceptive info to SC and cerebellum | innervation from gamma neurones

Question 28

describe extrafusal fibres

Answer 28

bulk of muscle | motor supply from alpha motor neurones inverted by defending motor pathways and sensory neurones from muscle spindsles

Question 29

what determine regulation of amount of muscle contraction

Answer 29

density of muscle spindles

Question 30

describe reflexes

Answer 30

CNS not involved acts on ligament, muscle spindles stretched signal to SC motor neurone srecive impulses causing contractin

Question 31

where are synovial joints formed

Answer 31

between two or more bones

Question 32

forms of synovial joint

Answer 32

partially mobile | fully mobile

Question 33

what is found in a synovial joint

Answer 33

``` articular cartilage synovial cavity synovial joint reinforcing ligament articular capsule ```

Question 34

articular cartialge

Answer 34

covers inner C (i.e. articualting surfaces) for smooth movement absorb compression takes up synovial fluid during movment

Question 35

synovial cavity

Answer 35

contains synovial fluid | lubrication

Question 36

synovial fluid

Answer 36

viscous contains phagocytic cells secreted by synovial membrane

Question 37

articular capsule

Answer 37

connective tissue double layers (synovial membrane, outer fibrous capsule) lines all surfaces without articular cartilage

Question 38

reinforcing ligament

Answer 38

strengthen joint | intrinsic, extrinsic, intracapsular

Question 39

sensory innervation in oints

Answer 39

Golgi tendon organs (proprioception) | free nerve endings (pain)

Question 40

what is trismus

Answer 40

excess tone of muscle