Diversity of life

Question 1

Gram staining:

Answer 1

Technique used to separate bacteria into two groups based on cell wall

Question 2

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 2

Protein layer on cell wall is thick

Stains purple

Question 3

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 3

Protein layer on cell wall is thin

Stains pink

Question 4

Endospores

Answer 4

Hard walled structure that potent genetic material in bacteria

Bacteria become endospores when the environment threatens survival

Resistant to: high temps, drying out, freezing, radiation, toxic chemicals.

When unthreatened endospores germinate back to active bacteria

Question 5

Morphology

Answer 5

Bacteria and archaea classified based on shape and number of cells in a colony.

Question 6

Binary fission

Answer 6

Bacteria grows to make copy of single chromosome. no genetic variation

When it reaches a certain size: elongates and separates into two chromosomes

Builds partition between two chromosomes and then cells splits into two genetically identical bacteria

Question 7

Conjugation

Answer 7

New cells produces with new genetic combinations

Adaption to changing environmental condition

One cells links to another and transfers all or part of chromosome

Receiving cells undergoes binary fission

Question 8

Bacteria shapes

Answer 8

Coccus/cocci

Bacillus/bacilli

Sprillum/spirilli

Question 9

Coccus

Answer 9

Sphere shaped

Better resistance to drying

Question 10

Bacillus

Answer 10

Rod shaped

Greater surface area for absorbing nutrients

Question 11

Sprillum

Answer 11

Spiral shaped

Move through fluids better

Question 12

Mesophiles

Answer 12

Moderate conditions

Question 13

Extremophiles

Answer 13

Extreme conditions

Question 14

Viruses

Answer 14

Dependent on others, without host cell they die.
Use host cells machinery for survival and reproduction

Not cellular

Have RNA DNA and reproduce—technically organism

Question 15

Classifying viruses

Answer 15

Size, shape of capsid, protein costs around rna/DNA

And type of disease

Question 16

Shapes of viruses

Answer 16

icosahedral Capsid

Round capsid

Rod shaped capsid

Question 17

Icosahedral capsid

Answer 17

Hexagonal shape

Polio virus and T4 virus(bacteriophage)

Question 18

Round shaped capsid

Answer 18

(Coccus)

HIV

Question 19

Rod shaped capsid

Answer 19

( bacillus)

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 20

Viral replication

Answer 20

Need host cell to reproduce— either prokaryote or eukaryote depending on virus type.

Replication is either lytic or lysogenic cycle

Question 21

Transcriptase

Answer 21

Enzyme causing DNA to be made from viruses RNA

Inserted into host cell which replicates viral DNA without damage

Question 22

Taxonomy

Answer 22

Branch of bio that identifies names and classifies species

Question 23

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 23

Enables us to give all species scientific names to be used universally

Made up of genus name and species name

Typed: first letters are capitalized and it’s in italics

Written: first letter capitalized and underlined

Question 24

Taxonomic categories description and list (8)

Answer 24

Arranged in hierarchy used to classify identified organisms. Listed broadest to most specific.

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species

Question 25

Dichotomous key

Answer 25

Identification tool with series of two part choices leading to correct identity of organism

Question 26

Types of evidence of relating species(5)

Answer 26

Anatomical evidence Physiological evidence DNA evidence Phylogenetic tree

Question 27

Anatomical evidence

Answer 27

Comparing bone structure of today’s species with fossils from the past

Question 28

Physiological evidence

Answer 28

Comparing proteins from species shows genetic relatedness

Question 29

DNA evidence

Answer 29

Comparing DNA sequences to determine relatedness

Question 30

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 30

Branching diagram to show evolutionary relation Each fork represents time in history when one species became two new ones

Question 31

Differences of archaea protist and fungi

Answer 31

Protists and fungi- multicellular aerobic eukaryotes Archaea- unicellular anaerobic prokaryote

Question 32

Prokaryotes characteristics and examples (8)

Answer 32

Small Circular DNA not membrane bounded Genome made of single chromosome Binary fission cell division Asexual common Unicellular Organelles absent Anaerobic (most) Ex: bacteria and archaea

Question 33

Eukaryotes characteristics and example

Answer 33

Large DNA in nucleus membrane bounded Genome made of several chromosomes Mitosis and meiosis Sexual reproduction common Multicellular Organelles Aerobic (most)