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Genetic Test Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

DNA meaning and function

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Carry genetic info found in nucleus

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2
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix
polymer of nucleotides
Made of phosphate and sugar

Composition- phosphate group

  • 5 carbon sugar molecule
  • N containing base
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3
Q

Nucleotides of DNA

A

Purines:
Adenine
Guanine

Pyrimidines:
Thymine
Cytosine

Strands r complementary

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4
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

New individual produced from single parent by cell division

Chromosomes copied then divided so each daughter cell receives one copy of chromosome

Daughters r identical

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction advantages

A 
Parent does not have to :
-Seek mate 
-Perform special mating behaviour 
-Leave anything to chance 
Offsprings identical to parent 
Heredity is direct and invariable
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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Individuals reproduced by fusion of 2 sex cells

Sex cells r often from two different parents

Offspring different from eachother and parent

Involves:
Production of sexcells (gametes, sperm, egg)

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7
Q

Sexual reproduction advantages

A

Variation allows greater insurance of survival in future

Environment changes more varieties suitable to new conditions

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8
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A 
Interphase 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(Meiosis: prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
telophase II)
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9
Q

Interphase

A

Before division
G1,S,G2

Grows + prepares

Duplicates genetic material

Chromatin uncoiled

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10
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condense forming chromosome

Nuclear membrane + nucleoli disappear

Centriole split travelling to opposite poles

Spindle fibres attach to centromere

(Plant don’t have centrioles)

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres move chromosomes in line across middle

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12
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres shorten

Centromere pulled apart

Separation of sister chromatids

Single stranded chromosome to opposite poles

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13
Q

Telophase

A

Complete set chromosomes each pole of cell

Spindle fibres disappear

Membranes form around each set of chromosomes

Nucleolus appears

Chromosomes form chromatin (uncoil)

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Physical division of cytoplasm and contents

Forms daughter cells

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15
Q

Cytokinesis in animals and plants

A

Animals:Cleavage furrow forms

Plants: new cell wall forms between forming cell plate

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16
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes condense

Synapses occurs forming tetrads (homologous pairs)

Crossing over between non sister chromosomes
Then move apart after

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17
Q

Metaphase I

A

Tetrads align centromeres across metaphase plate

Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes (separating evenly to each half)

Independent assortment

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18
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to poles

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19
Q

Telophase I

A

End of first meiosis division

Cytokinesis

Homologous chromosomes have separated

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20
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes prepare for division two

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21
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up at equatorial plate

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22
Q

Anaphase II

Study These Flashcards
A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

23
Q

Telophase II

Study These Flashcards
A

Second nuclear division complete
Cytokinesis
Four haploid cells created

24
Q

Variation

Study These Flashcards
A

Through meiosis:
Crossing over
Independent assortment

25
Mitosis occurs in
Somatic cells (body)
26
Meiosis occurs in
Gonads
27
Atypical meiosis
Error during meiosis effecting all cells of embryo Non-disjunction
28
Non disjunction
Failure to separate When two homologous chromosomes move to same pole (anaphase I or II) Result: one daughter cell is missing a chromosome other has extra
29
Monosomy
Abnormality where there’s a single chromosome in place of homologous pair Missing
30
Trisomy
Abnormality where there are 3 homologous chromosomes in place of homologous pair Extra chromosome
31
Gametogenesis
Formation of sex cells Haploid made by meiosis
32
Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm Results in 4 sperm Small to be motile
33
Oogenesis
Production of egg Cytoplasms not equally divided (one gets the most) Produces one strong egg, others are polar bodies that die off Not motile containing nutrients for fertilization
34
Karyotypes
Picture of chromosomes arranged according to numbers, size, and shape
35
Autosome
Non sex chromosomes All the numerical chromosomes
36
Fertility drugs
Act like pituitary gland hormones Cause follicles to develop increasing chance of multiple eggs Increase chance of birth
37
Cytoplasmic transfer
Cytoplasm of egg from young woman transferred to older woman. Reduced probability of genetic disorder
38
Intrauterine insemination
Sperm transferred to oviducts after ovulation Ensured sperm reaches egg
39
Gamers intrafallopian transfer
Sperm and egg inserted into oviduct Increases chances of successful fertilization
40
In vitro fertilization
Hormones to initiate ovulation Mature eggs extracted Eggs places on Petri dish fertilized by sperm Embryos transferred to uterus Hopefully implantation
41
Embryo transfer
Some woman can’t carry child | Surrogate mother
42
Gregor Mendel
Studied heredity in garden peas
43
Garden peas r excellent research organism bc
1. Commercially available throughout Europe 2. Easy to grow 3. Matured quickly 4. Mating can be easily controlled - sexual organs enclosed by flower - can allow flower to self polinate - can transfer pollen from flower to flower 5. Many different traits with only 2 possible variations
44
Mendels experiment
Got pure bred organisms by selective breeding Ensured plant was true breeding (produce only one form of trait) True breeding plants were parent gen. crossed true breeding tall with true breeding short Offspring is filial gen. Repeated always getting same result- one always dominant over other
45
Mono hybrid
Cross involves one trait only
46
Test cross
Used to determine whether individual expressing dominant phenotype is homo or hetero for dominant allele
47
Mendels second experiment
Wanted to know if inheritance of one characteristic influenced inheritance of another Crossed pure bred of two traits with their opposite trait Allowed F1 to self pollinate to get F2
48
Different patterns of inheritance
Incomplete dominance Co dominance Multiple alleles
49
Incomplete dominance
Not all traits are purely dominant or purely recessive Blending of two traits can occur Neither are dominant so they’re both capitals separated by a tic
50
Codominance
Both alleles are dominant Don’t blend just have both traits Black and white cow Two different capital letters
51
Multiple alleles
Genes with more then 2 alleles Blood types Two are co dominant ones recessive ABO AB dominant O recessive
52
Sex linked inheritance
Some traits are only found on x and y Traits r usually found on the X chromosome Y has no trait because Y is the trait of being malevolent Sex is always included in phenotype
53
Crossing over
Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes May occur several times between non-sister chromatids Occurrence depends on size Average 2-3 crossed per chromosome
54
Independent assortment
Random positioning of tetrads along the metaphase plate

Biology (8 decks)

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