Plants Flashcards
(30 cards)
Non vascular plants (6)+example
No vascular tissue
No true roots, leaves or stems
No seeds
Do not grow tall(>2cm) no vascular system to support it or transport water up.
Live in moist environment
Minor role in food for people
Ex: moss
Vascular plants (4)
All trees and many food plants
Can be seedless (ferns and horsetails)
MOST have seeds
Seed plants can either be angiosperms or gymnosperms (sperms:from seed)
Gymnosperms (5)
Adapted to live in environments with long cold winters and low nutrient soil
Have seeds without seed coat and are attached to scales of cones.
Aka soft woods
Used for pulp, paper, furniture, lumber, construction, heating.
Important to CDN economy.
Angiosperms(7)
Angiosperm species> gymnosperms
Important source of food
Aka flowering plants
Include trees, grass, vegetables, wildflowers, herbs.
Flowers r reproductive organs
Flowers mature to fruit— contains seed
Fruits adapted to help with seed dispersal
Monocots (6)+examples
1 cotyledon(seed leaf)
fibrous root system
Parallel leaf veins
Scattered vascular bundles
Flowers in multiples of 3
One furrow(Anther crevice)
Ex: wheat, corn, Lilies
Dicots(6)+examples
2 cotyledons (seed leafs)
Taproot system
Reticulated (net like) veins in leafs
Vascular bundles in a ring
Flowers in multiples of 4/5
Three furrows ( anther crevice)
Ex: sunflower, apple tree, rose
Xylem
Conducts a water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves.
ONLY FLOWS UPWARD
structure support
Phloem
Transports food from one part of the plant to another—TRANSLOCATION
Can travel UP OR DOWN
Food moves in solution (dissolved water)
Structure support
Transportation of food in plant (going up) (4)
- Food stored in roots is starch(insoluble) cannot be translocated.
- Starch breaks down to glucose
- moves up stem to parts that need it
- Converts to glucose to provide energy for leaf buds to grow.
Transportation of food in plant (going down) (4)
- Growing leaves eventually make own glucose by photosynthesis
- When it makes too much glucose it’s converted to starch
- Than converted to sucrose to move down stem to roots
- Converted to starch in roots for storage.
Parts of the leaf (8)
Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles(xylem and phloem), stoma, guard cell Lower epidermis.
Cuticle
Protective waxy coating on epidermis
Helps reduce water loss
Transparent therefore allows light to penetrate leafs interior
Epidermis
Outermost layer of cells
Covers and protects plant
If unbroken, repels invaders such as fungi and bacteria
Mesophyll
Where photosynthesis occurs
Contains veins(xylem and phloem)
Made up of two cells
Palisade mesophyll
Tall tightly packed cells
Lots of chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll
Irregularly shaped cells
Large air spaces between them
Less chloroplasts
Stomata
Space between guard cells
Allows exchange of O2,CO2,H2O
More on lower epidermis
Not always open
Meristem
Regions of active growth in plants
Undifferentiated cells divide to develop new structures
Meristem 3 stages of growth
- Cell division: increase number of cells
- Cell elongation: expansion of cells
- Cell differentiation: cells specialize and perform specific functions
Plant hormones (5)
Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic acid Ethylene
Auxin
Stop growth of side branches
Produced in developing seeds and stimulates development of fruit
When applied to certain flowers where fertilization has not occurred, ovary enlarges and develops a seedless fruit (seedless grapes)
Gibberellins
Promotes stem elongation
When applied to plant with naturally short stem, elongation is great.
Can reverse dwarfism
Promoted bolting : rapid elongation of flower that occurs naturally when plants are ready to start flowering
Cytokinins
Promote side growth of branches
Deliese ageing
Ethylene
Promotes seed germination
Gaseous hormone produced by plants.
Has brought in Ageing.
Ex: Fruit ripens, ethylene Produces triggering fast ripening, producing more ethylene, making even more ripening
