DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division chapter 8.2

Question 1

The 3 ways cell divide

Answer 1

1. Binary fission
2. Mitosis
3. Meiosis

Question 2

Before the the procession begin what process must first take place

Answer 2

a cell must first duplicate its entire genome ( all of the cell’s genetic material.
—REPLICATION

Question 3

DNA replication

Answer 3

a cell duplicate its entire genome ( all of the cell’s genetic material before cell division
. The cell copies all of its information letter by letter. ( all of the encoding instruction)

Question 4

Code

Answer 4

a systematic collection of rules and instructions

Question 5

Encode

Answer 5

be responsible for producing a substance or form with inherit instructions or code

Question 6

Why is DNA Replication SEMICONSERVATIVE

Answer 6

Semiconservative refers to the simp lied view of Dna replication

1. DNA strands unwind and separate
2. Each exposed strand ( parent strand)is a template that attracts and binds with complementary nucleotides, a, t, c, g
3. The process ends with two identical double stranded DNA molecules.

Each double strand consist of a parent strand and a daughter strand. they in essence conserved half of the original molecule

Question 7

?ist the enzymes/ proteins that aid in DNA Replication

Answer 7

1.Helicase
2. Binding proteins
3. Primase
4. DNA Polymerase
5. Ligase
How Bob Prime Dirty Polymer Linoleum

Question 8

Helicase

Answer 8

Unwinds the double helix and separate strands

Question 9

Binding Proteins

Answer 9

Stabilize each strand of the unwounded double helix.

Prevent single strands from rejoining

Question 10

Primase

Answer 10

Add a short RNA primer to each template strand

2. The RNa Primer attracts the DNA Polymerase enzyme

Question 11

DNA Polymerase

Answer 11

1. Adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer
2. Proofreads by checking and replacing incorrect bases just added
3. As the new DNA Strands grow, hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases
4. Can only build to an existing strand, therefore Primase puts down a RNA primer to facilitate this)
5. Can only build on the 3’ end, NEVER 5’ end

Question 12

What happens to the RNA primer after Dna nucleotides are matched to it

Answer 12

Enzymes remove the primer and match Dna nucleotides to the newly formed Dna Strand

Question 13

leading strand

Answer 13

Since DNA Polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end only one strand is continuous ( leading strand) extend outwards

Question 14

lagging strand

Answer 14

The opposite Dna strand that gains dna nucleotide on the RNA primer extending inwards (discontinuous)

. Replication occurs in pieces

Question 15

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 15

On a lagging strand Rna attract DNA bases in pieces. these pieces are known as Okazaki Fragments

Question 16

The steps of DNA Replication

Answer 16

1. HELICASE unwinds double helix
2. BINDING PROTEIN prevent single strand from rejoining
3. PRIMASE adds short RNA primer to template strand
4. direction always 5’-3’
5. DNA POLYMERASE : adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA Primer at the start of each DNA to be replicated.

. also proofreads and replaces incorrect bases

6. Leading ( continuous) strand synthesis continues in a 5’ to 3’
7. Discontinuous synthesis produces Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
8. Enzymes replaces RNA primer with Dna
9. Ligase seals sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 17

Ligase

Answer 17

Joins Okazaki fragments and seals nicks in the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 18

How long does it take to copy Dna nucleotides in a human cell’s 46 chromosomes

Answer 18

8 to 10 hours

Question 19

Mutation

Answer 19

is any change in a cell’s DNA Sequence

Question 20

Why does require a great deal of energy

Answer 20

because a large organized nucleic acid contains much more potential energy than do many individual nucleotides.

. Energy is required to synthesize nucleotides and to create the covalent bonds that join them toghetherin the new strands of DNA

. Many of the enzymes that participate in DNA replication, including Helicase and Ligase also require energy in the form of ATP to catalyze their reactions

Question 21

Why does DNA replicate

Answer 21

DNA replicates before a cell divides to give a complete set of genetic instructions to each daughter cell.

Question 22

What is semiconservative replication

Answer 22

Semiconservative replication means that only one strand of a DNA molecule is newly formed. The other strand is original DNA from the parent cell.

Question 23

What are the steps of DNA replication

Answer 23

The helicase enzyme unwinds and separates a double-stranded DNA molecule; the primase enzyme forms a short stretch of complementary RNA on each DNA template; starting at the end of the RNA primer, DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand, proofreading and correcting errors as it goes; RNA primers are removed; on the lagging strand, the enzyme ligase joins fragments of DNA.

Question 24

What is the role of RNA primers in DNA replication

Answer 24

The RNA primer is added to the start of the DNA segment being replicated and acts to attract the DNA polymerase, which can only add nucleotides to an existing strand

Question 25

What happens if DNA polymerase fails to correct an error?

Answer 25

A mutation occurs