Chapter 11.3

Question 1

GENE POOL

Answer 1

Is an population entire collection of genes and their alleles

Question 2

EVOLUTION

Answer 2

Is the change in allele frequencies

Question 3

To calculate GENE FREQUENCY

Answer 3

1 gene frequency is calculated as the copies of that allele, divided by the total number of alleles in that population

copies of alleles/ by the total # of alleles in the population

Question 4

GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES

Answer 4

It is the number of individuals with that genotype divided by the total size of the population

individuals with that genotype/ population total

Question 5

What determines the genetic characteristics of a population

Answer 5

Allele and genotype frequencies

Question 6

What drives evolution

Answer 6

The shifting alleles fequencies in a populations are the small steps of change that collectively drive evolution

Question 7

HARDY -WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM

Answer 7

Is the highly unlikely situation in which allele frequencies and genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to the next

p +q=1 ( represents frequency of both alleles of a gene in a population of a diploid organisim-if only 2 alleles exist for a gene

e.g: If D= frequency of dark fur allele=.06

d= frequency of tan fur allele=.04

D +d = 1 ( .06 + .04=1)

1= The 2 alleles=all the possible allele in a population

Question 8

When does HARDY -WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM occur

Answer 8

1. mutations do not occur: thus new alleles do not arise
2. Individuals mate at random
3. Individuals to not mate into or out of a population
4. The population is infinitely large enough to eliminate random changes in allele frequencies ( genetic drift)
5. natural selection does not occcur

Question 9

What is the direct measure of evolution

Answer 9

Changes in allele frequencies

Question 10

how can we use Hardy -Weinberg Equilibrium to calculate allele frequency

Answer 10

**At ** Hardy -Weinberg Equilibrium we can use allele frequencies to calculate genotype frquencies

p= frequency of allele D

^p2=Those with the allele DD ( p xp) ( .06x.06)

q2= dd ( .04x.04)

Heterozygous = pq

Question 11

The formula for all the population allele frequency to include heterozygote and homozygote

Answer 11

Since heterozygote and homozygote account for all the possible genotypes in the populationthe sum of their Frequencies must add up to one(1)

^{p2 +2pq+q2=1}

homozygote dominant +(2 heterozygotes)+ homozygotes recessive=all the alleles in a population

Question 12

If the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium are met what will occur in future generations

Answer 12

Their allele and genotype frequency will not change

Question 13

GENOTYPE

Answer 13

an individuals combination of alleles for a particular gene

Question 14

Allele frequencies always change. When does this occur in a population

Answer 14

1. mutation intrduces new alleles
2. Nonradom mating (closed groups mate among themselves intead of the larger population)
3. individuals migrate among populations
4. change due to chance (Genetic Drift)
5. some phenotype are better adapted to the environment than others ( natural selection)
6. No population is infinitely large
   7.

Question 15

Why is Hardy Weingerg Equilibrium important

Answer 15

It serves as a basis of comparison to reveal when microevolution is occuring

Question 16

What are the five conditions required for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 16

The five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are:

• no mutations;
• random mating;
• no emigration or immigration;
• the population is large enough to eliminate random changes in allele frequencies (genetic drift);
• natural selection does not occur.

Question 17

Why is the concept of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium important

Answer 17

The concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is important because it shows that evolution has the potential to occur at all times; in fact, evolution is probably occurring at all times in all populations.

Question 18

Explain the components and meaning of the equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.

Answer 18

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p= the frequency of the dominant allele in a population, q= the frequency of the recessive allele, and pq= the product of p and q. The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 says that all individuals in a population are homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive (for a gene with only two alleles). By applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation at different times, it is possible to observe changes in allele frequency and determine whether evolution is occurring.

Question 19

Why doesn’t Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium occur in real populations?

Answer 19

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium does not occur in real populations because the conditions for it are never met in real populations.