Exam 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The ability to do work. The ability to move matter.

Question 2

2 forms of energy

Answer 2

1. Potential

2. Kinetic

Question 3

Eg of Potential energy

Answer 3

Energy stored in the covalent bonds of food

Gravity

Question 4

Eg of Kinetic Energy

Answer 4

Light
Sound
Movement
Muscle contraction

Question 5

Potential Energy

Answer 5

stored energy available to do work

Question 6

Kinetic energy

Answer 6

Energy being used to do work ( any moving object)

Question 7

calories

Answer 7

units used to measure energy

It is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree

Question 8

The laws of thermodynamics

Answer 8

1st law = The law of energy conservation
Energy is neither created or destroyed

2nd Energy transformation is inefficient. With each transformation some energy is lost as heat.

Question 9

Entropy

Answer 9

The measuree of the randomness of molecular movements that results in heat

Question 10

Metabolism

Answer 10

encompasses all the chemical reactions in the cell

Question 11

what does metabolism involve

Answer 11

. building new molecules
. breaking down molecules
. each reaction rearranges atoms into new compounds
. each reaction either releases or absorbs energy

Question 12

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 12

Requires input of energy to proceed
reactants ( lesser)= products (greater)

eg. water+ carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen(Photosynthesis

Question 13

Exergonic reaction

Answer 13

Releases energy
reactants ( greater) = Products less
eg
Glucose + oxygen = Water carbon dioxide Atp

Question 14

Chemical equilibrium

Answer 14

Chemical reaction goes in both direction at the same rate.

Question 15

Why are cells not in chemical equilibrium

Answer 15

It stops the cells metabolic process from moving forward

May force the cell to extend more energy to do the same work

Question 16

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 16

A series of chemical reaction in which the product of one reaction is quickly used up by the next.

Question 17

Oxidization

Answer 17

loss of electrons from a molecule atom or ion
CR
Exergonic
energy is released
breakdown of molecules

Question 18

Reduction

Answer 18

the gain of electron
Potosynthesis
Endergonic 
energy is required
build up of molecules

Question 19

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 19

A series of protein that transfer energy rich electrons from one protein to the next. With each transfer a small amount of energy is released which the cell uses to carry out other reactions

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

a nucleotide that stores released energy in the covalent bonds of its phosphorus group.

It holds energy released in exergonic reactions long enough to power endergonic reactions

Question 21

The chemical structure of Atp

Answer 21

nitrogenous base=adenine
5 carbon sugar= ribose
3 phosphate groups
(Triphosphate + adenisone)

Question 22

Phosporylation

Answer 22

The coupling transaction of arp and tap transferring one phosphate group to another molecule.
Atp is exergonic hydrolysised to create energy and a phosphate.
energy is temporarily stored by adding a phosphate along with energy to get atp and water

Question 23

The coupled reactions of ADP and ATP

Answer 23

ATP + H20 ADP + P + ENERGY

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

A protein that catalyses a chemical reaction by lowering the energy activation without being consumed

Question 25

what environmental conditions affect their activity

Answer 25

high salt content
drugs (internal or external)
temperatue
ph

Question 26

How do substrates bond to active sites of enzymes

Answer 26

Substrates fit like puzzles to active sites

Question 27

cofactors

Answer 27

are inorganic and organic helpers of enzymes that MUST be present for the enzyme to work.

Question 28

coenzymes

Answer 28

organic cofactors e.g., water soluble vitamins

Question 29

Negative feed back

Answer 29

a way that cells control reaction rates in cells. with high product accumulation a product bonds with the enzyme that formulated it to prevent further production

Question 30

2 types of Negative feedback

Answer 30

1. competive inhibition

2. non competitive inhibition

Question 31

non competitive inhibition

Answer 31

The product binds with the enzyme at a location other that the active site changing the shape.

Question 32

competive inhibition

Answer 32

The product binds to the active site preventing the substrate from binding with it.

Question 33

Concentration gradient

Answer 33

A solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region

Question 34

Why is Concentration gradient important

Answer 34

Because all forms of transport across membranes involve gradients

Question 35

Passive transport

Answer 35

a substance moves across a membrane without the expenditure of energy. All forms of passive transport invoke diffusion

Question 36

Diffussion

Answer 36

an example of passive diffusion.
The spontaneous movement of substance from an area of more concentration to area with low concentration. does not require energy

Question 37

Simple diffusion

Answer 37

substances to which the the membrane is permeable moves across the membrane without the assistance of membrane protein. Lipids, small, non polar molecules (o2,Co2)

Question 38

osmosis

Answer 38

The simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 39

Facillitated diffusion

Answer 39

Substances to which the membrane is NOT PERMEABLE move across the membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins

Ions, polar molecules, molecules like glucose

Question 40

3 Types of Passive transport

Answer 40

simple diffusion
osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

Question 41

3 Types of transport mechanisms

Answer 41

passive
active
vesicles

Question 42

Active Transport

Answer 42

a cell uses transport proteins to move a substance against its concentration gradient. It is used to create or maintain the concentration gradient