DNA chapter 7.3

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

all the genetic material in an organisms cells

Question 2

How is DNA packaged in a eukaryotic cell vs in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 2

The majority of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cell’s nucleus
In a prokaryotic cell there is only one circular Dna molecule

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

Is a discrete package of DNA and associated proteins

Question 4

organelles( eukaryotic) that have DNA and thus their own genomes

Answer 4

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Chloroplast

Question 5

The well known role of some of DNA

Answer 5

to encode all the cells RNA and proteins/ most of DNA has no known function

Question 6

gene

Answer 6

a sequence( section) of DNA nucleotides(the building blocks of nucleic acid) that codes for specific protein or RNA molecule.

Question 7

The human genome consists of how many genes ( each coding for ONE specific protein)

Answer 7

20,000 to 25,000 genes scattered on its 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 8

The two steps of protein synthesis

also describes the CENTRAL DOGMA

Answer 8

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

In the Nucleus

a cell copies a gene’s DNA ( the dna stays in the nucleus) sequence to a complementary RNA molecule

Question 10

Translation

Answer 10

Cytoplasm/ Ribosomes
The information in RNA is used to manufacture a (ONE) protein by joining a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Question 11

Recipe /cookbook analogy

Answer 11

1. GENE—– RECIPE ( the ingredients and instructions for assembly of one dish) ( likewise a protein encoding gene contains the instructions for assembling a (one) protein, amino acid by amino acid)
2. CHROMOSOME——-COOKBOOK ( chromosomes have several arrays of genes ( recipes)
3. GENOME—— LIBRARY OF COOKBOOKS
4. DNA AND RNA——–Ingredients

2.

Question 12

Steps to the production of protein ( albumin)

Answer 12

1. Inside the nucleus, an enzyme first transcribes the albumin genesDna sequence to a complimentary RNA sequence.
2. After some modification , the RNA emerges of the nucleus and binds to a ribosome.
3. At the ribosome, amino acids are assembled in a specific order to produce the albumin protein.

Question 13

the amino acid sequence is dictated by

Answer 13

the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA molecule.

The Rna, in turn was transcribed from the DNA. In this way DNA provides the recipe for every protein the cell.

Question 14

RNA

Answer 14

An intermediary between DNA and a Polypeptide chain.

. RNA is a multifunctional nucleic acid

Question 15

DNA vs RNA

Answer 15

RNA DNA
1. sugar (ribose) deoxyribose

1b. 2nd carbon..OH H
2. Uracil base Thymine base
3. adenine-uracil adenine-thy
4. can be single stranded Double
5. can catalyze chemical rx no

Question 16

The 3 types of RNA

Answer 16

1. Messanger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 17

Messanger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 17

carries information that specifies a protein. Encodes amino acid sequence.

Question 18

a group of 3 mRna in a row forms what

Answer 18

A Codon

Question 19

Codon

Answer 19

a genetic “code word”that corresponds to an amino acid. 3 bases/ 3 nucleotide/ 3 letters that code for a single amino acid.

Question 20

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 20

Combines with proteins to form RIBOSOMES.

Question 21

Ribosomes

Answer 21

Are the physical location of protein synthesis

Question 22

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 22

They bind an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other.

. Their role is tho carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the correct spot along the mRNA molecule

Question 23

What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

Answer 23

A gene is a strand of DNA that encodes a protein

Question 24

What are the two main stages in protein synthesis?

Answer 24

Transcription and translation are the two main stages in protein synthesis

Question 25

The genome in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

Answer 25

Prokaryotic: consists of one circular DNA in its nucleoid. Eukaryotic : the majority is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cells nucleus

Question 26

What are the three types of RNA, and how does each contribute to protein synthesis

Answer 26

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the DNA instructions for building the protein, transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the major component of a ribosome, the structure that reads codons on the mRNA and assembles amino acids into polypeptides.

Question 27

What is central dogma of biology ( Watson and Crick)

Answer 27

States that information stored in DNA is copied to RNA ( transcription), which is used to assemble proteins( translation) Describes the deduction that each gene somehow controls the production of ONE protein. Describes the relationship between nucleus acids and proteins as a flow of information called the central dogma. The proceed if protein production

Question 28

Where is the instruction stored in a gene?

Answer 28

In the bases. 3 nucleotide, consequently 3 bases hold the information to make one amino acid. Every 3 letters (codon)code for one amino acid.

Question 29

What does the word Deoxyribonuecleic

Answer 29

Deoxy: refers to what makes a deoxyribose ( the sugar) different from a ribose. The 2nd Carbon of ribose has an OH, but deoxyribose only has an H( it is without an oxygen ) Nucleic: DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell Acid: phosphates donate hydrogen which makes it acidic.

Question 30

ATP relationship to RNA.

Answer 30

ATP is modified RNA nucleotide

Question 31

What reaction link nucleotides together

Answer 31

Dehydration synthesis

Question 32

All 3 parts of DNA are bonded by

Answer 32

Covalent bonds

Question 33

What gives DNA it's helix shape making it stable

Answer 33

Hydrogen bond formed with distant bases.

Question 34

THE CENTRAL DOGMA

Answer 34

A flow if information between nucleic acids and protein. This describes protein synthesis : Transcription and Translation

Question 35

How is DNA packaged in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 35

The majority of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes housed inside the cell's nucleus

Question 36

How is DNA packaged in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 36

In a prokaryotic cell there is only one circular Dna molecule

Question 37

What is a gene bounded by

Answer 37

a PROMOTER AND a TERMINATOR sequence