Domain B Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
3 types of stimulus receptors
A
PIE
proprioceptors- receive stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles; e.g. posture, balance, movement (internal)
interoceptors- receive stimulation from organs e.g. headache, fast heart rate, hunger (internal)
exteroceptors- 5 senses (external)
2
Q
receive stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles; e.g. posture, balance, movement (internal)
e.g. dizziness
A
proprioceptors
3
Q
receive stimulation from organs e.g. headache, fast heart rate, hunger (internal)
e.g. headache, hunger pain, increased heart rate
A
interoceptors
4
Q
5 senses; external
e.g. smelling smoke, hearing a bird
A
exteroceptors
5
Q
stimulus conditions internal and external to the individual; influences behavior through stimulus changes
A
environment
6
Q
single instance of behavior
A
response
7
Q
group of behaviors with the same function
A
response class
8
Q
stimulus classes
A
FFFAT
Formal- share a certain feature (e.g. things that are green, things that are round, bad smells, loud noises)
Feature-share infinite topographies (e.g. dog breeds, cats/dogs/lions, bike/car/bus, chair/table/couch)
Functional-same effect on behavior;
have an immediate yet temporary effect on behavior (e.g. things that provide warmth: heater, blanket, sweater. sour taste: lemon, spoiled milk. loud noise: drum, horn, police car)
Arbitrary- physically different, evoke same response (e.g. synonyms, fruit)
Temporal- related by their place in time (e.g. SDs and MOs both occur prior to behavior. reinforcement and punishment both occur after behavior.)
9
Q
2 primary types of behavior. Name and compare them.
A
respondent behavior- reflexive, involuntary; elicited without prior learning; phylogenic
e.g. gagging
operant behavior- behavior controlled by its consequences; emitted and/or evoked; ontogenic
10
Q
respondent behavior is __________.
a. elicited
b. evoked
c. emitted
A
elicited- unlearned responses; reflexes where the unconditioned response bears a one-to-one relationship to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. gagging, salivating, fear reactions, blushing. uncontrollable reflexes)
11
Q
operant behavior is __________.
a. elicited
b. evoked
c. emitted
A
emitted and/or evoked
emitted- produced; not an automatic response (e.g. answering questions in class)
evoked- learned responses (through learning history and consequences)
12
Q
classical and pavlovian conditioning, stimulus-stimulus pairing (S-S), conditioned stimulus-conditioned response (CS-CR)
A
respondent conditioning
13
Q
ABC, 3-term contingency, behavioral, contingency, stimulus-response-stimulus (S-R-S) model
A
operant conditioning
14
Q
critical part of operant conditioning
A
consequences
15
Q
all ABA strategies are derived from these 3 principles
A
reinforcement
punishment
extinction
16
Q
a response becomes more frequent in the future if previously followed by a reinforcer within __________ seconds.
A
:00 - :03 seconds
17
Q
__________ maintains behavior that is already occurring, makes antecedent-stimulus conditions relevant, promotes stimulus control by making responding in the presence of the SD more likely, and is a linear concept (A-B-C).
A
reinforcement (it also increases behavior)
18
Q
5 categories of positive reinforcers
A
Edible
Activity
Tangible
Social
Sensory
(EATSS)
19
Q
2 types of negative reinforcement
A
escape= terminating ongoing activity
avoidance: (discriminated avoidance & free-operant avoidance)= response prevents or postpones presentation of an aversive stimulus
20
Q
2 types of avoidance
A
discriminated- the arrival of a bad thing is signaled (think: warning); has an SD that signals availability of negative reinforcement (e.g. news traffic warning)
free-operant- no SD to signal the availability of negative reinforcement ; avoiding the bad thing without an SD (e.g. avoiding traffic between 4-7pm without checking for traffic information)
21
Q
type I reinforcement; SR+ = __________
type II reinforcement; SR- = __________
SP= __________
SDP= __________
type I punishment; SP+
type II punishment; SR-
A
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punisher
discriminative stimulus for punishment
positive punishment
negative punishment
22
Q
punisher vs aversive stimulus?
A
punisher- a stimulus change that decreases future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
aversive stimulus- an unpleasant stimulus that may or may not impact future behavior
23
Q
behavior is defined by its __________, not __________!
A
function, NOT topography!
24
Q
when behavior is evoked, shaped, or maintained by environmental variables delivered without another person’s mediation
A
automatic reinforcement contingency
25
automatic reinforcement contingencies: describe each
positive automatic reinforcement
negative automatic reinforcement
positive automatic punishment
negative automatic punishment
positive automatic reinforcement- behavior is immediately followed by a presentation/addition of a stimulus which increases the future frequency of that behavior (the behavior of adding the stimulus)
negative automatic reinforcement- when behavior is immediately followed by reduction or removal of a stimulus which increases future behavior (scratching mosquito bite to relieve itch)
positive automatic punishment- behavior is immediately followed by presentation or addition of a stimulus that decreases future behavior (flicking rubber band to wrist whenever cursing to decrease cursing)
negative automatic punishment behavior is followed immediately by the reduction or removal of desirable stimulus that decreases future behavior (e.g. removing nice nail polish whenever biting nails to decrease nail biting)
26
turning on air conditioner when feeling hot, and continuing to do when needing cool air is an example of __________
positive automatic reinforcement
27
scratching a mosquito bite to relieve the itch and continuing to do so in the future is an example of __________
negative automatic reinforcement
28
snapping a rubber band on your wrist each time you curse resulting in cursing less is an example of __________
positive automatic punishment
29
forcing yourself to remove your nice nail polish every time you bite your nails is an example of __________
negative automatic punishment
30
automaticity vs automatic reinforcement and punishment
automaticity refers to how reinforcement and punishment affect behavior without a person's awareness.
automatic reinforcement and punishment refer to the person reinforcing or punishing themselves with no social mediation.
31
when antecedents and consequences are presented by another person
socially mediated contingency
32
primary reinforcer, unlearned
unconditioned reinforcers (UCR)
33
secondary reinforcer, learned; stimulus-stimulus pairing
conditioned reinforcer (CR)
NS + 1 or more UR or CR= CR
34
Doesn't depend on MO's for effectiveness because it's been paired with an unlimited number of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
generalized conditioned reinforcers (GCSR)
35
examples of ___________ include money, tokens, social praise
generalized conditioned reinforcers (GCSR)
36
examples of __________ include reprimands (warnings), stern tone of voice, fines, red marks on grades, head shakes, scowls, frowns
generalized conditioned punishers (GCSP)
37
Reinforcers and punishers are defined by their __________ on behavior.
effect
38
Reinforcement is delivered every time the target behavior occurs (aka FR-1); used for the acquisition phase of novel behaviors
continuous reinforcement (CRF)
39
when some (not all) instances of target behavior are reinforced; used for maintaining behaviors that have already been established; transition from artificial->natural reinforcement
intermittent schedules of reinforcement (INT)
40
0 reinforcement; absence of reinforcement
extinction
41
4 schedules of intermittent reinforcement
FI
FR
VI
VR
42
number of needed correct responses for reinforcement to be delivered
ratio
43
an amount of time needs to pass before reinforcement is available for one correct response
interval
44
a constant rate or time criteria
fixed
45
a rate or time that varies, but averages around the scheduled criterion
variable
46
strongest basic schedule of intermittent reinforcement
VR
47
__________ produce post reinforcement pause
FR & FI
hint:
for FI, client automatically pauses reflexively after earning all their tokens. Does not occur with VR because of the uncertainty of reinforcement.
for FI, client paused during the earlier part of the interval (think: finishing a paper before its due date and taking a pause from paper writing before the due date)
48
low ratio requirements produce a __________ response rate, while higher ratios produce a __________ response rate.
low ratio = lower response rate
high ratio= higher response rate
49
use a ___ schedule to maintain behavior
VR
50
a supervisor randomly checking in with an employee every few days to provide reinforcement for consistent effort is an example of __________
VI schedule of reinforcement
51
when rate of responding gradually accelerates toward the end of the interval (slow start but accelerates with maximum rate at end of interval)
FI scallop
52
in FI, larger intervals produce __________ rates of response and shorter intervals produce __________ rates of response. Larger FI requirement = __________post-reinforcement pause and vice versa.
larger intervals produce lower rates of response
shorter intervals produce higher rates of response
larger FI requirement = longer post-reinforcement pauses
53
constant, stable rate of response; produces very few pauses in responding; low to moderate rate of response
VI
54
4 COMPOUND schedules of reinforcement
Concurrent
Multiple
Chained
Mixed
hint call me! call me!
(all 7; TC MM ACC)
Chained=1+ bx, SD, in order (sequential)
Mixed= 1 bx, no SD, random (successive); promotes generalization
Multiple=1 bx, SD, random (successive); behavioral contrast effects
Concurrent= 2+ bx, SD, choice, matching law (same time)
55
limits amount of time reinforcement remains available following end of FI or VI; aka limited time to respond
benefits
-decreases response latency
-increases engagement
-builds fluency
limited hold
56
4 VARIATIONS OF BASIC INT SCHEDULES
Lag
Progressive ratio
Delays
Differential
explain each.
Lag- reinforcement is delivered for a response that is different in topography from a previously reinforced response (e.g. reinforcing any other shade of purple that isn't "purple" aka "eggplant" , "plum", "lavender"); increases response variability (generalization)
Progressive ratio- schedule is thinned until client responding stops (breaking point= when client stops responding; primary measure of interest bc helps assess strength of bx); (higher expectation aka FR3->6->9until breaking point)
Delays- reinforcement for correct responding is delayed (tolerating delays to r+)
Differential reinforcement of rates of responding- DRH, DRD, DRL
57
3 extinction variations
positive reinforcement extinction
automatic reinforcement extinction
negative reinforcement extinction
explain each.
positive reinforcement extinction- withholding attention or access when the behavior occurs (use for reducing bxs with an attention or access to tangibles function); socially mediated
automatic reinforcement extinction- aka sensory extincetion; withholding access to automatic reinforcement (use for bx with an automatic reinforcement function e.g. flickering lights on and off =disconnect lightbulb)
negative reinforcement extinction- aka escape extinction; withholding access to escape (e.g. follow through on demands after the behavior occurs); socially mediated
remember, REINFORCEMENT is being put on extinction, NOT BEHAVIOR.
58
consequence in which reinforcement is not given following a behavior; it is withheld, and contingent on behavior
operant extinction
59
consequence in which a preferred stimulus is taken away, contingent on behavior, decreasing future frequency of that behavior
negative punishment
60
when neutral stimuli (NS) achieve the capacity to elicit respondent behaviors (reflexes) that are typically elicited by specific unconditioned stimuli (US)
NS + US -> CS
respondent conditioning
61
CR weakens if CS presented without US
CS without US -> NS
respondent extinction
62
operant vs respondent
operant = CONSEQUENCE-based contingency
respondent= ANTECEDENT CONTROL (Pavlov, antecedent stimulus pairing & unpairing) think: respondent=reflex based, elicited
63
change in responding based on presence, absence, or change in stimulus (SD) that precedes a response
stimulus control
64
stimulus that signals availability of reinforcement; responses of some type have been reinforced and in absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past
SD
65
behavior that occurs in some conditions (SDs) more than others
discriminated operant
66
stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past and likely won't in the future
SΔ; e.g. if dehydrated, coffee is s-delta and water is SD.
67
5 factors affecting stimulus control
Attending (pre-)
Stimulus salience
Differential consequences
Repertoire (client's)
Over-selective control
Attending (pre-)= prerequisite behaviors needed for learning
Stimulus salience= prominence of stimulus against environment
Differential consequences= a specific consequence must follow the response in the presence of that stimulus
Repertoire (client's)= what pre-requisite skills are needed?; ensure response is in client's repertoire
Over-selective control= when focusing on a minor feature of a stimulus interferes with a complete understanding of that stimulus
(e.g. focusing on the pullback tab of a can of soda and not the can as a whole, completely missing its shape and color; not fully understanding all its features)
68
_____ and _____ can impact stimulus salience and can prevent stimulus control.
masking and overshadowing
masking (stimulus blocking)
e.g. being able to play guitar alone but not out in public (stimulus is being masked by other competing stimuli)
overshadowing
e.g. TV is on while studying, TV overshadows the learning making it less salient (aka TV makes study materials stand out less)
69
when an irrelevant stimulus controls the correct behavior and the relevant stimulus does not
e.g. match word to picture, but client matches it by counting the letter blanks and letters in each word
(pic of mouse) _ _ _ _ _ = mouse
faulty stimulus control
70
when a small spectrum of stimuli bring about a correct response; each SD brings out a specific response
stimulus discrimination
71
a child saying "mommy" to her mother and not to other women is an example of __________
stimulus discrimination
72
2 types of generalization
stimulus generalization
VS
response generalization
stimulus generalization-when antecedent stimuli other than the original SD evoke the same response as the original SD (e.g. saying "green" when seeing darker or lighter greens); ***multiple stimuli evoke same 1 response
response generalization- when a person exhibits novel untrained behaviors that are functionally equivalent to the trained target response. (e.g. after learning "hello", child says "hey" "hi" "what's up?"; taught to ask "I want water"->points to water); form of response/behavior changes; ***multiple responses to 1 stimulus
73
behavior change that persists across time in conditions that differ from the original intervention conditions (across people, settings, behaviors, stimuli)
generalization
74
stimulus generalization has _____ stimulus control within. stimulus discrimination has _____ stimulus control between/across.
stimulus generalization = loose stimulus control
stimulus discrimination= tight stimulus control
75
antecedent stimuli other than original SD evoke same response as original SD
e.g. saying "green" when seeing darker or lighter greens
*multiple stimuli evoke same 1 response
stimulus generalization
76
when a person exhibits novel untrained behaviors that are functionally equivalent to the trained target response.
e.g. after learning "hello", child says "hey" "hi" "what's up?"; taught to ask "I want water"->points to water; form of response/behavior changes
*multiple responses to 1 stimulus
response generalization
77
extent to which behavior remains in the client's repertoire over time, beyond treatment; lasting change in behavior
response maintenance
78
motivating operations
establishing operations have a _____ value-altering effect and _____ behavior altering effect.
abolishing operations have a _____ value-altering effect and _____ behavior altering effect.
EO = reinforcer-establishing, evocative effect (an in-the-moment increase in behavior that's been reinforced by the now increased value stimulus); *DEPRIVATION*
AO = reinforcer-abolishing, abative effect (an in-the-moment decrease in frequency of behavior that's been reinforced by the stimulus which isn't currently valuable); *SATIATION*
79
an in-the moment change (increase or decrease) in how effective a sitmulus will be as a reinforcer; aka how valuable a reinforcer is at a given moment
value-altering effect
80
an in-the moment change (increase or decrease) in the occurrence of all behavior that has been reinforced by a stimulus; aka how behavior changes to access a reinforcer in the moment
behavior-altering efffect
81
internal or external antecedent event or condition that has an influence on the occurrence of a specific behavior
setting event
82
when a consequence for a behavior in the presence of an MO changes the behavior evoked by the MO in the future
function-altering effect
key words: MO that affects behavior in the FUTURE (e.g. burning tongue on hot tea would result in not drinking hot tea as quickly next time. asking for help and receiving it would increase likelihood of asking for help in the future)
83
events, operations, and stimulus conditions with value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
unconditioned motivating operations
e.g. basic human needs (food, water, sleep, oxygen, sex, relief from extreme temperatures and pain)
84
behavior-altering effect vs function-altering effect?
behavior-altering effect- an antecedent context changes the current, in-the-moment occurence of a behavior
function-altering effect- a consequence shapes future behavior, evoking a different/new response in the future
85
MOs that change the value of other stimuli, objects, or events due to conditioning (individual learning history); creates an in-the-moment change in frequency of any behavior associated with those other stimuli, objects, or events.
conditioned motivating operations (CMOS)
86
Although a charged phone seems to be the reinforcer when cell phone battery is dead, needing to charge it makes the charger more valuable as a reinforcer in that moment. This is an example of __________
CMO-T and it is a
conditioned motivating operation (CMO)
87
Three types of CMOS
Surrogate CMO ; CMO-S
Reflexive CMO ; CMO-R
Transitive CMO ; CMO-T
88
NS becomes an MO by being paired with UMO or CMO, acquiring the same value-altering and behavior-altering effect as the original MO. NS + MO (UMO or CMO)= NS becomes CMO
Surrogate CMO (CMO-S)
think: increased value to access due to repeated pairing
89
a stimulus signal that comes before the onset of aversive stimulus (removal/avoidance of the aversive stimulus acts as negative reinforcement); can also precede improving conditions
Reflexive CMO (CMO-R)
think: signal, evokes avoidance/escape behaviors
90
environmental variable that establishes another stimulus or event as a reinforcer or punisher
Transitive CMO (CMO-T)
think: increase in access behaviors that solve a problem; results in access to reinforcers (UR or CR)
CMO-T makes another stimulus more salient or valuable in the moment; it alters effectiveness of reinforcers and punishers e.g. A worker is assembling a piece of furniture but needs the correct-sized screwdriver to complete the task (CMO-T).
• Using the wrong tool becomes punishing because it increases frustration or delays progress.
• The CMO-T (need to assemble the furniture) makes the act of using the wrong tool aversive and using the right tool reinforcing.
Wanting to watch TV (CMO-T) would make finding the correct remote more reinforcing, and using the wrong remote would increase its aversiveness/punishing effect.
91
the sound of a lunch bell at school, which has been repeatedly paired with mealtimes, now trigger a similar motivating effect to hunger, even if the individual isn't physically hungry.
example of CMO-S
NS bell + UMO hunger = bell becomes CMO-S
92
you see a blanket and want to lie down and sleep even if you're not tired
example of CMO-S
NS blanket + UMO sleep deprivation/fatigue = blanket becomes CMO-S
the blanket has been paired with sleep routines and now evokes sleep-related behaviors.
93
a worker sees their supervisor approaching and is motivated to appear busy/productive.
example of CMO-R
CMO-R supervisor's presence signals potential worsening condition of reprimand if the worker appears idle
94
a driver accelerates when a traffic light turns yellow.
example of CMO-R
CMO-R yellow light signals worsening condition of being stopped by the red light, motivating the driver to act quickly.
95
you want to watch TV. In order to do so, you need to find the remote that seems to always be missing.
example of CMO-T
wanting to watch TV (CMO) establishes the need for a remote (CMO-T), increasing the likelihood of access behaviors to find the remote.
96
sleep deprivation establishes the need for a bed, dim lights, a blanket, quiet.
example of CMO-T
sleep deprivation (UMO) establishes the need for a bed, dim lights, a blanket, quiet (CMO-T).
97
all UMOs act as a __________because the UMO establishes the unconditioned reinforcing effectiveness and the __________ evokes the necessary behaviors needed to obtain the unconditioned reinforcer.
CMO-T, SD
98
stimulus control vs motivating operations?
stimulus control = a change in responding based on the SD
motivating operation = environmental variable which affects the frequency of behavior by altering the value of a reinforcer; creates a state of deprivation or satiation and has two effects, value-altering and behavior altering
Stimulus control: think SD
MO: think value-altering & behavior-altering
similarity: they are both antecedent variables.
99
rule-governed behavior vs contingency shaped behavior?
rule-governed behavior= behavior that is controlled by a verbal statement (rule) and not an immediate consequence
contingency-shaped behavior= learned behaviors from direct contact with contingencies/consequences immediately following that behavior
100
putting neosporin on a painful cut and immediately relieving the sting increases neosporin use in the future
contingency shaped behavior
101
if a person brushes their teeth and flosses 2x per day, they'll have good oral health
rule-governed behavior; if the person follows this verbal statement, they are changing their behavior without an immediate consequence (no reinforcement or punishment)
102
verbal behavior vs vocal behavior?
verbal= all communicative response forms
vocal= vocal talking
103
point-to-point correspondence vs formal similarity
point-to-point correspondence= when the controlling stimulus matches the verbal response, aka the content is identical
-only echoic, textual, transcription, copying text, motor imitation, codic, duplic
-e.g. rbt writes "flower" and client finger spells "flower". the CONTENT are IDENTICAL (beginning middle and end)
formal similarity= controlling stimulus and verbal response have the SAME SENSE MODE
-both spoken, both written, both signed
-e.g. RBT writes "hi" and client writes "star". both share the same mode but have no point-to-point correspondence
104
verbal operant with formal similarity and point-to-point correspondence with its controlling stimulus
duplic = duplicate
105
6 verbal operants: list and describe
EMITTT
Echoic- vocal imitation; a type of duplic; critical behavioral cusp bc exposes learners to reinforcement produced through vocalizations; shaping through reinforcing approximations
Mand- speaker requests what they want/need; first verbal operant humans learn; should be the first one taught (e.g. requests, command, warning, prayer, advice, question, offer, permission, call)
Intraverbal- verbal response to a verbal SD that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal SD. (e.g. "what's your favorite song?" "a cow goes ___" "old mcdonald had a ___" "What do you wear on your feet?")
Tact- speaker names non-verbal SD (5 senses) as well as private experiences (thoughts, emotions)
Textual- reading text (out loud or in head); codic (shares point-to-point correspondence but not formal similarity)
Transcription- writing down spoken words; codic (shares point-to-point correspondence but not formal similarity);
106
4 tact extensions (higher level tacts)
SMMG (Studying Makes Me Great)
Solecistic- tact delivered using poor use of language; slang; based on associations that are indirect/opposite (e.g. you speak good. or calling a cold drink hot)
Metaphorical- metaphors/figurative language (her heart is black as coal)
Metonymical- tact based on novel stimuli that share no relevant features of the original stimulus, but some irrelevant or related feature has acquired stimulus control (e.g. looking at a stanley cup and saying "water" or saying "mailman" when seeing a mail truck)
Generic- aka stimulus generalization; tact based on a novel stimulus that shares all the applicable features of the original stimulus (e.g. calling all coffee shops Starbucks, calling any donut shop Dunkin Donuts, signing "Skittles" when shown an M&M, saying "house" when seeing an apartment)
107
non-verbal response evoked by a verbal SD because of a history of GCSR; receptive language
e.g. "come here" client goes to speaker
"touch airplane." client touches airplane
listener responding
108
assessing client's ability to discriminate between words in novel combos, environments, under diff MOs; builds compliance skills
teaching listener discrimination
109
verbal behavior that modifies one's own verbal behavior
e.g. I'm hungry BECAUSE I HAVEN'T EATEN YET (descriptive- explaining the reason for verbal behavior)
I want TWO cookies (quantifying- giving numeric value)
I am hungrier THAN you. (relational-making comparisons)
I am EXTREMELY hungry. I want to eat RIGHT NOW. (qualifying- evoked by motivational factors)
autoclitic
*auto= self
110
2 types of autoclitics:
autoclitic mand
autoclitic tact
explain each.
autoclitic mand- INSTRUCTS listener to take action in some way (e.g. DONT BE OFFENDED, but I have to go. IM SURE you'll love this. I NEED the blue cup, not the red one. PLEASE pass me the pencil.)
autoclitic tact- controlled by some nonverbal aspect of the main response; shows self-awareness & self-editing (e.g. I KNOW the car is parked outside. I SEE the big dog. It’s DEFINITELY a red car. It MIGHT be raining outside.
111
verbal behavior that is controlled by ONE source (e.g. a tact is only controlled by a nonverbal SD and a mand is only controlled by an MO)
pure verbal behavior
112
multiple control exists in 2 forms¨̮
convergent control
divergent control
explain each.
convergent control- MULTIPLE STIMULI work together to evoke ONE VERBAL RESPONSE; exists in most instances of verbal behavior; occurs with MOs and SDs (verbal & non-verbal)
mand example- stimuli: water in sight + thirst (MO) + verbal prompt "what do you want?" -> person says "water"
tact example- stimuli: sight of a dog + hearing the question "what do you see?" -> person says "dog"
intraverbal example- stimuli hearing "twinkle twinkle" + prior knowledge of song -> person says "little star"
divergent control- ONE STIMULUS evokes MULTIPLE VERBAL RESPONSES (mand, tact, intraverbal)
e.g.
antecedent: being asked “what do you like to eat?”; responses: pad see ew, penne vodka, ice cream.
antecedent: feeling hungry/food deprivation; responses: ordering food, making food, asking someone to cook for you.
*think:
CONVERGENT=antecedent stimuli CONverge to form 1 response*
&
DIVERGENT= 1 antecedent stimulus DIverge to form multiple responses*
113
an audience in the presence of which the speaker's behavior increases (e.g. teacher speaking to students in classroom)
positive audience
114
an audience in the presence of which the speaker's behavior decreases (e.g. employees discussing work dissatisfaction and their boss appears)
negative audience
115
using efficient approaches to teaching that promote a client's ability to apply learned skills to form novel and untrained responses and connections, without having every possible relation or skill explicity taught
promoting emergent relations
key words: approach to teaching, promote
116
accurate responding to untrained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations, following the training of some correct stimulus-stimulus relations
emergent relations
117
1. teach prerequisite and foundational skills- establishes a foundation for more complex behaviors to emerge (e.g. discrimination, receptive language, labelling, joint attention)
2. promote generalization- teaching in a way that connects similar concepts result in emergence of new relations (e.g. multiple exemplar training, negative teaching examples)
3. equivalence-based instruction- teaching different combinations of related stimuli leads to other derived relations emerging
4. incorporate relational frame theory (RFT)- teaching various relational frames (e.g. same, opposite, symbolic)
5. natural environment training- spontaneous responding is more likely to occur
6. lag schedules of reinforcement- promotes variability in responding which can lead to new untrained responses
strategies for promoting emergent relations
118
when stimulus relations emerge independent of training, due to an experience with learning something similar; a skill that has already been acquired enables or speeds up other skills being acquired, without direct training or reinforcement history
aka using previously learned skills to generate new, untrained responses
generative performance
119
indirect learning is typically a product of __________
stimulus and response generalization
120
responding differently to unlearned combinations of stimuli that were taught in different contexts
e.g. learning to tact "blue fish" and "green bird" and without training correctly tacting "blue bird"
recombinative generalization in emergent tact relations
think recombining previously learned elements into new, untrained appropriate ways
121
when a learner demonstrates the ability to request something in response to a motivating operation, without direct teaching of that specific mand, due to prior learning and relational skills.
taught using direct or incidental training, or through forming relational frames (relational frames e.g. same, opposite, symbolic)
emergent mand relations
relational frame e.g. learning all animals with beak and wings are birds-> wanting to pay with an animal with beak and wings and saying “bird”
122
when both speaker and listener behavior are established for the same stimulus.
e.g. child is taught to tact "sun" and then is able to touch a picture of the sun when told to touch sun.
client learns to respond "food" to the verbal SD "pizza" and without training responds "pizza" to the verbal SD "food"
common bi-directional naming (C-BiN) in emergent tact relations
think: symmetry
123
for establishing __________. established between at least 2 verbal stimuli; when training an AB intraverbal relation produces a reverse BA intraverbal relation
e.g. when asked "what do you drive?" client responds "car", and vice versa (client hears "car" and responds "what do you drive?")
emergent intraverbal behavior
124
tendency of behavior with a strong history of reinforcement to persist (resistance to change) despite challenges
key strategy: using high-probability tasks to build compliance before introducing low-probablility tasks
goal: increase compliance and reduce resistance
behavioral momentum
125
allocation of behavior occurs in direct proportion to the reinforcement received for each option
matching law
key concept:
more reinforcement ->more behavior toward that option; behavior goes where reinforcement flows
goal: predict and influence choice behavior
126
a client must complete a task to receive reinforcement, but since there are other more fun activities available in his room, rate of task completion decreases
example of matching law
key concept:
more reinforcement ->more behavior toward that option
127
physically copying the behavior of a model; must occur without prior learning history to be considered this
imitation
128
4 criteria for imitation
MFIC (Mother Figure In Charge)
Model - any physical movement; 2 types: planned (contrived to teach client) & unplanned (occur naturally in daily life e.g. seeing people get in line and copying their behavior)
Formal similarity- model and behavior must look alike physically and be in the same sense mode
Immediacy- an imitative behavior must immediately follow the model within a few seconds; it not immediate, it's not imitation
Controlled relation- model must be the controlling variable for imitation;
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when a novel model evoked an imitative response
generalized imitation
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imitation vs observational learning
imitation- replicates exact behavior
observational learning- learns from outcomes or generalizes behavior based on observation; learning that occurs through indirect contact with consequences experienced by other people
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5 steps for imitation training
Assess
Select
Pretest
Sequence
Implement
explain each
1. Assess and teach missing prerequisite skills for at least 3 sessions ; assess attending skills, gross and fine motor skills, skill deficits that could hinder imitative responses, and if there are interfering challenging behaviors
2. select 25 behavior models; gross and fine motor; train one at a time. move onto complex sequences after mastery of simpler models
3. Pretest models at least 3 times to evaluate target models and identify models the client can already imitate
4.sequence models from simplest to hardest, based on pretested results
5. Implement: run imitation training; 4 steps
-pre-assessment to evaluate current level and progress
-training- repeatedly present models from pre-assessment
-post-assessment- assess how well client can do with previously learned targets
-probe novel targets at end of each imitation training session
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1. teach attending skills
2. teach imitation skills and program for generalized learning
3. teach discrimination of consequences
these steps are for teaching _________ skills
teaching observational learning skills
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an internal or external antecedent event or condition that has an influence on the occurrence of a specific behavior
setting event
