drugs for the control of pain

Question 1

what is pain

Answer 1

pain is a unplesant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 2

what pain assessment scale would you use fr a patient that is mentally delayed, or intubated

Answer 2

behavioural

faces

Question 3

what is acute pain

Answer 3

nociceptor pain

Question 4

what is acute pain associated with

Answer 4

associated with tissue injury and activation of receptor nerve endings that transmit pain signals to CNS

Question 5

associated with tissue injury and activation of receptor nerve endings that transmit pain signals to CNS

Answer 5

acute nociceptive pain

Question 6

what are the further divisions of acute pain

Answer 6

somatic pain, visceral pain

Question 7

what is somatic pain

Answer 7

this is sharp localized pain

Question 8

what is visceral pain

Answer 8

this is the generalized dull, throbbing/aching pain

Question 9

what is neuropathic pain

Answer 9

this is caused by damage from a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

Question 10

what pain is associated with direct nerve injury, surgery, disbetic neurpathy

Answer 10

neuropathic

Question 11

burning, shooting, numbness are all associated with what kind of pain

Answer 11

neuropathic

Question 12

chronic pain

Answer 12

persist for over 6 months, interferes with daily activities, high incidence with depression

Question 13

if there is pain what else is present

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

pain physiology; 5 stage

Answer 14

1. transduction
2. transmission to peripheral nerves
3. tramission in the spinal tracts
4. perception
5. modulation

Question 15

what is transduction

Answer 15

this is when trauma occurs, stimulating the nociceptors

Question 16

what is the transmission to peripheral nerves

Answer 16

this is when the pain impulse travels along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord along a-c fibres

Question 17

this is when the pain impulse travels along the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord along a-c fibres

Answer 17

transmission to peripheral nerves

Question 18

transmission in the spinal tracts

Answer 18

pain impulses continues along ascending tracts of spinal cord

Question 19

pain impulses continues along ascending tracts of spinal cord

Answer 19

this is the tramission of pain to the spinal tract

Question 20

what is perception

Answer 20

this is when the cerebral cortex recognizes the pain stimulus

Question 21

this is when the cerebral cortex recognizes the pain stimulus

Answer 21

perception

Question 22

what is modulation

Answer 22

limbic system reacts to pain, modulating the signals sent along the descending tracts of the spinal cord

Question 23

what is multi-modal therapy analgesia

Answer 23

this is the use of drugs from several different drug classes

Question 24

what refers to the use of varied technique’s and multiple drug classes to achieve effective analgesia

Answer 24

multi-modal therpay

Question 25

oral and parenteral opioid analgesics and NSAIDS are an example of what kind of therapy

Answer 25

multimodal

Question 26

NSAIDS

Answer 26

inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury

Question 27

what works to inhibit the activity of cyclooxyegnase; converting arachindonic acid into the inflammatory and pain inducing prostaglandins

Answer 27

NSAIDS

Question 28

endogenous opioids do what according to pain

Answer 28

modulate the transmission of pain

Question 29

how are opioid receptors activated

Answer 29

¡ Post synaptic neurons, opens k+ channels, causing membrane hyperpolarization, inhibiting neuronal activity ¡ Presynaptic neurons, closes Ca+ channels inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, Ach, substance P, and glutamate Opioid Drugs

Question 30

¡ Post synaptic neurons, opens k+ channels, causing membrane hyperpolarization, inhibiting neuronal activity ¡ Presynaptic neurons, closes Ca+ channels inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, Ach, substance P, and glutamate Opioid Drugs

Answer 30

this is how opioid receptors are activated

Question 31

opioid drugs - how do they work, what receptors do they stimulate

Answer 31

they work to exert their analgesic effects via stimulation of mu and kappa opioid receptors

Question 32

what exert their analgesic effects via stimulation of mu and kappa opioid receptors

Answer 32

opioid drugs

Question 33

what are used in the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain

Answer 33

opioid

Question 34

opioid antagonists

Answer 34

nalaxone

Question 35

adverse effects of opioids

Answer 35

constipation, nausea, vomiting, pruitius, sedation, respiratory depression, delirium

Question 36

what are used to augment anesthesia

Answer 36

GABA receptors agent

Question 37

what work to inhibit the substance p

Answer 37

serotonin agonists

Question 38

steroids and pain suppression

Answer 38

work to help bone pain and nerve compression

Question 39

anticovulsant and antiepileptic drugs can be used for what kind of pain

Answer 39

neuropathic pain