DYSTOCIA pt. 1

Question 1

Young dam
Pelvic cavity not yet fully developed

Answer 1

maternal cause of dystocia

Question 2

Oversized fetus

Answer 2

fetal cause

Question 3

Size of fetus not enough for maternal pelvic size

Answer 3

Fetomaternal disposition

Question 4

heredity: two breeds that is considered large

Answer 4

brown swiss, bulldog calf

bulldog: higher incidences of defects like hydrocephalus, achondroplasia and Perosomus elumbis

Question 5

failure of development of backbone spine

mmobility of joints

Answer 5

Perosomus elumbis:

Arthrogryposis

Question 6

smaller overall size

shorter limbs; achondroplasia

Answer 6

pituitary dwarf

achondroplastic dwarf

Question 7

Nutrition and Management factors for dystocia

Answer 7

Small size of the dam
Disproportionate mating
Poor or excess feeding
-Various nutritional deficiencies: Ca, Mg
- calcium deficiency
Grasses like Sudan grass: high oxalate content → prevents absorption of Ca

Energy deficiency: lack of myometrial uterine contractions
Excess: overfeeding

Question 8

traumatic event examples

Answer 8

ventral hernia; rupture of the prepubic tendon

Question 9

disproportionate mating can be under both immediate cause and predisposing factor of dystocia t/f

Answer 9

t

Question 10

immediate cause of dystocia: birth canal factors

Answer 10

Inadequate pelvis
Immaturity
Pelvic fracture
Disproportionate mating
Developmental disease

Insufficient dilation
Failure of 1st stage of parturition
Uterine torsion
Cervical dilation
Vaginal strictures
Vulvar stenosis

Question 11

maternal expulsive forces

Answer 11

Abdominal
Age
Debility
Pain
Uterine hernia
Rupture of the dipahragm

Question 12

primary uterine inertia is because of myometrial defect due to?

give other causes:

note: if primary, have contractions at start!

Answer 12

overstretching,
degeneration,
uterine infection,
small litter size or heredity,
large fetus,
excess uterine fluid

Biochemical deficiencies
Environmental disturbance
Nervousness
Oligoamnios (low amniotic fluid volume) - seen in premature birth
Lack of exercise

Question 13

uterine inertia more common in bitches that have <6 litter size. t/f

Answer 13

f - sows

Question 14

exhaustion = stops contractility
Contractions but stops as parturition progresses

how to treat this?

to much of this results to>

Answer 14

secondary uterine inertia

t: Calcium borogluconate (CBG) with or without forced extraction
(Give ½ of calculated dose IV, other half SC for sustainability of contractility)

cardiac arrythmia

Question 15

uterine rupture may be accidental due to rolling to treat _____

the cow must be on its ___ /side to keep the fetus rolling but not the dam

Answer 15

uterine torsion

flank

Question 16

uterine rupture may be spontaneous, and if it is large, may lead to sudden death t/f

Answer 16

t

Question 17

what could be the cause of a small uterine ruptre?

Answer 17

transient colic without fetal delivery
Intestines mav be seen protruding from the vulva instead of fetus

Question 18

treatment of uterine ruture

Answer 18

Laparotomy and repair

Question 19

DIAGNOSIS: Palpate relative positions of the broad ligaments.

Diagrammed is a 180° clockwise and 180° counterclockwise twist

Fetus and uterus are twisted

Vagina of cattle have longitudinal folds

Answer 19

Uterine Torsion

Question 20

treatment of uterine trion

Answer 20

-Schaffer method (“plank in flank” method).
Rolling cow around fetus which is kept in place by applying pressure to her abdomen by a person standing on the plank
-Flank laparotomy

Question 21

schaffer method or flank laparotomy is usually done in mares as it is well tolerated t/f

Answer 21

f - not done, not well tolerated

Question 22

in abdominal problem what are the causes?

treatment?

Answer 22

diaphrag hernia, abdo hernia, inability to strain (age [arthritis] pain, debility), rupture of prepubic tendon

forced extraction

Question 23

inedequate pelvis causes

tx?

Answer 23

Fracture, exostoses[lumbar area], immaturity, breed, neoplasia, Small female x large males

c-section

Question 24

Insufficient Dilation:
Uterus

Insufficient Dilation
cervis

Answer 24

torsion, herniation, adhesion

dilation failure, congenital defects, fibrosis

Question 25

When uterus rotates on its axis, it affects the cervix t/f

Answer 25

t

Question 26

insufficient Dilation
Vagina

Vulva

Answer 26

congenital defects, fibrosis, prolapse, perivaginal abscess, strictures, excess fat

congenital defects, fibrosis, immaturity
Atrophy /immaturity of vulva
congenital - microvulva

Question 27

Seen in cattle with mycotoxin ingestion /mycotoxicoses
Possible consequence
constricted/small size vagina

Answer 27

prolapsed vagina

Question 28

Less common in buffalo compared to cattle due to more capacious pelvis, larger area of ileum and free and easily separable 5th sacral vertebra (wider)

Answer 28

failure of cervical dilation

Question 29

failure if cervical dilation more common in ___ aka the ___

in vaginal examination, how many fingers can pass?

Answer 29

sheep and goats aka RING WOMB

only 1 or 2 fingers able to pass

Question 30

tx of cervical dilatation
- most are used in small ainmals except for 2

Answer 30

misoprostol and valethamate

Question 31

B-2 adrenergics such as

Answer 31

salbutamol, terbutaline, isoxsuprine HC 50-100 mg IM or IV for cows,

100-150 mg for mares

10-40 mg for sheep and goats) with manual manipulation

Question 32

2 more drugs for tx of cervcal dilat
Not suggested if parts of fetus are not in the cervical canal hence has imited value

Answer 32

Clenbuterol 0.3 mg IV or IM
Denaverine HCI (400 mg IM) (spasmolytic) (Germany)

Question 33

hortens the first stage of labor
Results inconsistent

Answer 33

Valethamate bromide (antispasmodic; 80 mg IM in cattle and 24-40 mg in sheep and goats) -

Question 34

Misoprostol (local application) for cattle but not in mares as it can cause abortion. t/f

Answer 34

f - for mares

Question 35

f fetus already emphysematous (swelling)
If fetus is already dead

Answer 35

Partial cervicotomy