Earth Science Quiz 1 Q2 Flashcards by zel .

Process where rocks, soil, and minerals are broken down into pieces.

Weathering

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What actions may cause weathering?

Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, changing temperature.

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Different phenomena occurring within and on the surface of the planet Earth.

Earth’s Processes

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Two types of Earth’s processes?

External and Internal

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This happens on the surface/near the surface and has interaction involving the Earth’s system.

External

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This is powered by the energy of the sun.
Includes weathering, erosion, mass wasting/landslide.

External

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This happens within the earth; core, mantle, etc.
Mostly related to the geosphere.

Internal

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It is powered by the energy of the earth (internal heat).
Includes earthquake, volcanic eruptions, mountain building (plate movement).

Internal

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Scientific Explanation. Weathering is the _______ _______________ (mechanical weathering) and/or ________ _____________ (chemical weathering) of rocks.

physical disintegration, chemical alteration

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This resulted from chemical reactions between minerals in rocks and external agents like air or water.

Chemical Weathering

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4 MAIN types of Chemical Weathering:

Alteration, Oxidation, Acidification, Hydrolysis

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What types of chemical weathering are considered as ONE (by sir) because of their similar nature of effect.

Dissolution = Carbonation = Acidification

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Chem W. Process occurs when water comes into contact with rocks and dissolves the minerals that make up that rock into individual elements.

May or may not be acidic.

Dissolution

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Chem W. When minerals come in contact with water and are converted into different minerals.

Alteration

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Chem W. When oxygen reacts w/ other elements and electrons are transferred between the two elements.

Oxidation
note: it is not always oxygen that reacts

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Chem W. Chemical transition of one mineral to another (clay forms).

Hydrolysis

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Chem W. Forms water molecules.

Hydration

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Chem W. CO2 dissolves in rain, weak acid is formed. The acid dissolves the rocks.

Carbonation

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Chem W. Can break down soils due to acidic rain.

Acidification

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When rocks are broken apart by mechanical processes or breakage during transport by rivers or glaciers.

Physical Weathering

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What are the 2 main physical changes?

In Size
In Shape

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Phys W. Scratching of surface of rocks, happens in wind, water, and glacier erosion.

Abrasion

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Phys W. Cycles of cooled water continually seeping into cracks, freezes, and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart.

Frost Wedging (Freeze-Thaw)

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In Frost Wedging, there is _% increase of water when frozen.

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Phys W. Instead of water, salt is the one pushing. But since it isn't that strong, it can only cause smaller holes in the surface of the rock.

Salt Wedging note: Doesn't expand, it just gets bigger

Phys W. Cracks, removal of pieces in the rock/land surface. This happens because of the rock's lack of pressure.

Exfoliation

Crack develop _____ to land surface.

parallel

Exfoliation. This is the thinning into sheets.

Sheeting

Exfoliation. This is the removal of rock overburden causes rocks that were under pressure to expand, creating joints, cracks in a rock. (natatanggal yung pressure)

Unloading

In exfoliation, there is _________ and ____________.

REDUCTION & PRESSURE

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of weathering.

Climate Surface Area Rock Composition Pollution

In rock composition, the ______ the mineral that is contained in the rock, the ________ it is to weather. (Inverse

harder, slower (or) softer, faster

In surface area, the _______ surface area a rock has, the _________ it will weather. (Direct)

more surface area, more quickly

Pollution ______ (speeds up / slows down) weathering.

SPEEDS UP

a. ____________ degrades a rock. b. ____________ carries rocks and soils away from their original location.

a. Weathering b. Erosion

Erosion would only happen if there is a _______________. Name these 3.

mobile agent; Water Erosion Wind Erosion Glacial Erosion

These are scratches or cut made into bedrock because of glacial abrasion.

Striations

Internal Layers of the Earth

Crust Mohorovicic Discontinuity Mantle Gutenberg Discontinuity Core also: Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core (T to B)

Internal Layer. - The coolest layer - The thinnest - Oceanic (Younger & Basaltic, Larger, Denser) - Continental (Older & Granite, Less Dense) - Solid & Rigid

Crust

Internal Layer. - Thickest layer - Relatively hotter - Has the convection current - HAS NO MAGMA

Mantle

Internal Layer. - Hottest layer - Inner most - Metallic

Core

Internal (Phys) Layers. - From the crust to upper-most mantle - Segmented/broken into plates - Rigid

Lithosphere

Internal (Phys) Layers. - Plastic-Like - Weakest - Can Flow - AKA upper mantle

Asthenosphere

Internal (Phys) Layers. - AKA lower mantle - Rigid

Mesosphere

Internal (Phys) Layers. a. Liquid metal (the only liquid part) b. Solid metal, hottest (bcs of pressure)

a. Outer Core b. Inner Core

According to _________ ___________, temperature and pressure and depth are directly proportional.

Geothermal Gradient

3 main reason why the Earth's interior is hot:

Heat from when the planet was formed (Primordial Heat) Radioactive Decay Frictional Heating

The release of gamma particles.

Radioactive Decay

Higher pressure, Higher ______________. Which is why solid ang inner core though it is the hottest layer.

melting point

3 types of melting:

- Decompression Melting (Decrease in Pressure) - Increase in Temperature - Flux Melting (Add volatiles)

2 ways that increase in temperature (for melting) can be done:

- Convergent Boundaries & Subducting Plate - Contact Melting

It is a constructive margin.

Divergent

WET rocks melts ________ because it lowers the melting point.

faster

Where is magma formed (3):

Subduction Zone Hotspot Rift Zone

It is the resistance of liquid from flowing.

Viscosity

Viscosity. temp: a. low temp = _______ viscous magma b. high temp = ________ viscous magma

a. highly/ high b. low INVERSE

Viscosity. composition: a. high silica = _________ viscous b. low silica = __________ viscous

a. more b. less DIRECT

Types of Magma:

Basaltic Andesitic Rhyolitic

In terms of temperature and viscosity of the types of magma:

-------------- temp ↑, viscosity ↓ Basaltic Andesitic Rhyolitic

_______ is perpendicular, cutting through the rock layers. It is a DISCORDANT layer.

Dike

_________ goes with the rock layers. It is a CONCORDANT layer.

Sill

a. Sill na namaga upward b. Sill na namaga downward

a. LACCOLITH b. LOPOLITH

a. large/huge part of magma that cooled down. b. "foreign rock", piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. c. Alike batholiths, except smaller *dike na namaga*

a. BATHOLITH b. XENOLITH c. STOCK

4 fragments of rock ejected from a volcano:

Ash - finest particles Lapilli - 64 mm or 6.5 cm Blocks - >= to 64mm or 6.5 cm Bombs - incandescent (nagbabaga)

Any crack/fixture/opening in the earth's crust where magma, gasses, and pyroclastic materials come out.

Volcano

Types of Volcano. Has less viscous magma, basaltic magma. Dome shaped, there is no such volcano in the PH.

Shield Volcano

Types of Volcano. Has andesitic to rhyolitic magma (explosive type). It has ONE series of erruption.

Cinder Cone Volcano (Scoria Cone)

Types of Volcano. It can get bigger. Andesitic to Rhyolitic magma (explosive type).

Composite Volcano

MAJOR types of eruption. Umaapaw lang.

Effusive/Silent Eruption

MAJOR types of eruption. Happens because of viscous magma.

Explosive Eruption

This depends on the type of magma, affected by viscosity which is affected by its silica content.

The major types of eruptions

SPECIFIC types of eruptions. Also the silent type of erruption.

Hawaiian Type Eruption

SPECIFIC types of eruptions. Konting effusive but also explosive. Moderately explosive eruptions of basaltic magma with moderate gas content.

Strombolian Eruption

SPECIFIC types of eruptions. Similar to strombolian yet it is more stronger and destructive. Usually what volcano images look like.

Vulcanian Eruption

_________ eruptions are named for the destructive eruption of Mount Pelée on the Caribbean island of Martinique.

Pelean Eruption

These large eruptions produce widespread deposits of fallout ash. An example is the Mount Pinatubo eruption.

Plinian Eruption

________ volcanoes have a recent history (last 10,000 years) of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again.

Active Volcano

________ volcanoes have not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time.

Dormant/Inactive

________ volcanoes have no known record but it looks young.

Potentially Active