Ecology and the Biosphere

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

Question 2

Organismal Ecology

Answer 2

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (animal) behavior) meet environmental challenges

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

Question 4

Population ecology

Answer 4

focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

Question 5

Community ecololgy

Answer 5

A group of populations of different species in an area

Question 6

Community ecology

Answer 6

deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

Question 7

Ecosystem

Answer 7

the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

Question 8

Ecosystem ecology

Answer 8

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Question 9

Landscape

Answer 9

a mosaic of connected ecosystems

Question 10

Landscape ecology

Answer 10

deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arrange in geography

Question 11

Biosphere

Answer 11

the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planets ecosystems

Question 12

Global ecology

Answer 12

examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Question 13

Climate

Answer 13

the long-term, prevailing weather conditions of a given area

Question 14

_______ is the biggest influence on the distribution of terrestrial organisms

Answer 14

Cimate

Question 15

Macroclimate

Answer 15

consists of patterns on the global, regional and local level

Question 16

Microclimate

Answer 16

consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

Question 17

Global climate patterns determined largely by…

Answer 17

• Solar Energy
• Planets movement in space

Question 18

The ____ ______ carries warm water from the ________ to the _____ ________

Answer 18

Gulf Stream; equator; North Atlantic

Question 19

Species that have difficulty dispersing may have (bigger/smaller) ranges or become (more dispersed/extinct) with changes in climate

Answer 19

smaller; extinct

Question 20

More heat and light reach the (high latitudes/tropics) than the (high latitudes/tropics)

Answer 20

tropics; high latitudes

Question 21

During the day, air rises over warm (1. land/water) and draws a cool breeze from the (2. land/water) across the (1. land/water)

Answer 21

1. land
2. water

Question 22

At night, (1. land/water) cools and air rises over the warm (2. land/water) and draws cooler air from (1. land/water) back over the (2. land/water), which is replaced by warm air offshore

Answer 22

1. land
2. water

Question 23

Mountains have an effect on …

Answer 23

• Local temperature
• Rainfall
• The amount of sunlight reaching an area

Question 24

On mountains, rising air releases moisture on the (windward/leeward) side of a peak and creates a ____ ______ as it absorbs moisture on the (windward/leeward) side

Answer 24

windward; rain shadow; leeward

Question 25

Windward side

Answer 25

The side that faces the direction from which the wind is blowing, experiencing the full force of the wind; "upwind"

Question 26

Leeward Side

Answer 26

The side that is sheltered from the wind, facing away from prevailing wind directions

Question 27

Rain shadow

Answer 27

A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain, as the mountain blocks the passage of rain-producing weather and casts a shadow of dryness behind it

Question 28

______ absorb the most solar energy

Answer 28

Forests

Question 29

The initial warming of earths surface in forested areas leads to higher rates of _______________ and ____________, leading to an overall (warming/cooling) effect

Answer 29

Photosynthesis; Transpiration; Cooling

Question 30

Climate change

Answer 30

a directional change to the global climate that lasts 3 decades or more

Question 31

Earth has warmed an average of ___ C since 1900

Answer 31

1.1

Question 32

By 2100, predicted warming will be ___ - ___+

Answer 32

0.5-4.5

Question 33

Climograph

Answer 33

represents mean temperature and precipitation for a particular region

Question 34

Types of terrestrial biomes

Answer 34

- Tropical Forests - Desert - Savanna - Chaparral - Temperate Grassland - Northern Coniferous Forest - Temperate Broadleaf Forest - Tundra

Question 35

Strongest impact on where TERRESTRIAL SPECIES live

Answer 35

Climate

Question 36

Strongest impact on where AQUATIC species live

Answer 36

Light and nutrient availability

Question 37

Oceans make up __% of the earths surface

Answer 37

75%

Question 38

___________ of water from ______ contributes to most of earths rainfall

Answer 38

Evaporation; oceans

Question 39

______ _____ and _____________ ________ provide most of the world oxygen

Answer 39

Marine algae & photosynthetic bacteria

Question 40

Aquatic biones

Answer 40

- Pelagic zone - Photic zone - Aphotic zone - Benthic zone

Question 41

Pelagic zone

Answer 41

open water that comprises both the photic and aphotic zones

Question 42

Photic zone

Answer 42

the region where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

Question 43

Aphotic zones

Answer 43

region where very little light penetrates

Question 44

Benthic zone

Answer 44

made up of soil & sediment at the bottom of both photic and aphotic zones

Question 45

Abyssal zone

Answer 45

2-6 km below the earths surface

Question 46

Thermocline

Answer 46

separates warm surface waters from cold deeper waters

Question 47

Types of aquatic biomes

Answer 47

- Lakes - Wetlands - Streams/rivers - Estuary - Intertidal Zones - Oceanic Pelagic Zone - Coral reefs - Marine Benthic Zone

Question 48

Oligotrophic

Answer 48

nutrient poor, oxygen rich

Question 49

Eutrophic

Answer 49

nutrient rich, O2 depletion in deepest parts during stratification

Question 50

Littoral zone

Answer 50

the shallow, near seashore area of a lake/pond/sea where sunlight penetrates to the bottom, allowing plant growth

Question 51

Limnetic zone

Answer 51

area of lake/pond where sunlight penetrates, but not to the bottom

Question 52

Species distributions are a consequence of...

Answer 52

- Ecological factors - Evolutionary history

Question 53

Biotic factors limiting species distribution

Answer 53

- Predation - Inter-species Competition - Mutualism - Interspecific dompetition for resources & mating

Question 54

Abiotic factors limiting species distribution

Answer 54

- Temperature - Water - Oxygen - Salinity - Sunlight - Soil

Question 55

Freezing temperatures can result in...

Answer 55

- ruptured cells

Question 56

Higher temperatures result in ...

Answer 56

- poor enzyme function - denatured proteins - energy expenditure