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Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Chordates

A

Bilaterian animals that belong to the clade “Deuterostomia”

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2
Q

Derived characteristics of Chordates:

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • Muscular, post-anal tail
  • Pharyngeal gill slits
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3
Q

Notochord

A

A longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

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4
Q

The notochord provides ________ support throughout most of the length of the chordate

A

skeletal

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5
Q

Vertebrates have the following derived characteristics

A
  • Vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
  • An elaborate skull
  • More complex nervous system
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6
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrates, including Chondrichthyes

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7
Q

Derived characteristics of gnathostomes

A
  • Enlarged forebrain
  • Lateral line system
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8
Q

The forebrain of a gnathostome is associated with enhanced _____ or ______

A

smell or vision

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9
Q

Placoderms

A

extinct lineage of armored vertebrates that are the earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record

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10
Q

Basal taxons of chordates:

A
  • Cephalochordata
  • Urochordata
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11
Q

Cephalochordata

A

a basal taxon of chordates including lancelets that retain chordate characteristics as adults

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12
Q

Urochordata

A

a basal taxon of chordates that resemble chordates during their very short larval stage

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13
Q

The larvae of urochordata more closely resemble _______, and have a more pronounced ________ body plan.

A

tadpoles; chordate;

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14
Q

Urochordata’s main mode of nutrition is…

A

Suspension Feeding

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15
Q

Classes of vertebrates

A
  • Cyclostomata
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
  • Amphibia
  • Amniotes
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16
Q

Cyclostomata

A

jawless, cartilaginous fish, including
- Myxini
- Petromyzontida

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17
Q

Myxini - Hagsfish

A

Containing a cartilaginous skull with an axial rod of cartilage derived FROM a notochord

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18
Q

Petromyzontida - Lampreys

A

Containing cartilaginous segments SURROUNDING notochord and arching partly over nerve cord

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19
Q

Petromyzontida exist primarily as _________

A

Parasites

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20
Q

Cyclostome’s etymologic meaning is …

A

Cyclo - circle
Stome - mouth
refers to the circular mouth used to latch onto substrates

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21
Q

Chondricthyes

A

cartilaginous gnathostomes consisting of sharks, rays and their relatives

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22
Q

Oviparous

A

animals that lay eggs that are either fertilized or unfertilized

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23
Q

Viviparous

A

animals that give birth directly to live animal

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24
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

eggs hatched inside parent, where the offspring remain for a period of time and is nurtured from within

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25
Sharks are (oviparous/viviparous/oviviparous)
can be any
26
Osteichthyes
gnathostomes including bony fish and tetropods, including - Actinopterygii - Sarcopterygii
27
Actinopterygii
Fish whose fins are supported by long, flexible rays modified for maneuvering and defense
28
Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned fish with muscular pelvic and pectoral fins, with three surviving lineages - Coelacanths - Lungfish - Tetrapods !!!
29
Specific adaptations of tetrapods
- Four limbs and feet with digits - Ears for detecting airborne sounds
30
Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes are both major classes of fish, but the key differentiation is ...
CHONDRICHTHYES have skeletons made of cartilage, while OSTEICHTHYES have skeletons of bone
31
Amphibia
tetrapods characterized by both aquatic and terrestrial life, including - Urodela - Anura - Apods
32
Urodela
have both legs and tails (salamanders, newts, etc)
33
Anura
lack tails, but have legs (frogs, toads)
34
Apoda
lack tails and legs (caecillians....)
35
Most amphibians have _____ skin that complements ___ _______
moist; gas exchange
36
The larval stage of an amphibian usually includes...
- Gills - Lateral lines - Long-finned tails
37
The metamorphosis of an amphibian (except caecillians...? usually involves...
- Legs - Lungs - External eardrum - Digestive system adapted to a carnivorous diet - Larvla features disappear/resorbed
38
Amniotes
a group of tetrapods whose living members are... - Reptilia - Mammalia
39
The derived characteristics of amniotes include...
- Amniotic egg - Relatively Impermeable skin - Able to use rib cage to ventilate the lungs
40
Features of an amniotic eggs
- Amnion - Chorion - Yolk sac - Albumen - Shell
41
Amnion
Thin, membrane-like sac containing amniotic fluid, cushioning and protecting embryo/fetus during development
42
Chorion
abets in the exchange of blood and gases between mother and fetus
43
Yolk sac
encloses yolk, containing nutrients for the developing embryo
44
Albumen
surrounds yolk sac, a reservoir of water, protein and minerals; provides shock absorption,
45
Allantois
involved in metabolic waste, storage and respiration
46
Shell
protects egg and prevents desiccation
47
Amniote classification`
- Diapsids - Synapsids
48
Diapsids
characterized by the presence of two pairs of temporal openings in the skull, of which evolved into reptiles (DI-apsids)
49
Synapsids
Characterized by the presence of a single pair of temporal openings, of which evolved into mammals
50
Reptilia
amniotes that have a waterproof barrier composed of keratin, including - Turtles - Lepidosaurs - Archosaurs
51
Most reptiles are (exo/ecto)thermic, while birds, an exception, are (exo/ecto)thermic
Ectothermic; Endothermic
52
Ectothermic
Absorbing external heat as main source of body heat; doesn't require metabolic breakdown of food to maintain body temp
53
Endothermic
capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism
54
All turtles have ..
- Boxlike shell made of upper/lower shields - Clavicles - Ribs
55
Lepidosaurs include...
- Rhynchonephalia (Tuatara) - Squamates (Snakes, lizards)
56
Archosaurs
- Crocodilians - Pterosaurs - Dinosaurs - Birds
57
Archosaur lineage traces back to the late ________ period
Triassic
58
Derived characteristics of birds
- Wings with keratin feathers - Lack of urinary bladder - Females with only one ovary - Loss of teeth
59
Birds adapted from small _______
Theropods
60
Theropods
a group of bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs
61
Flight enhances ...
- Hunting/scavenging - Ability to escape terrestrial predators - Ability to migrate
62
Mammalia
amniotes that have hair and produce milk
63
Derived characteristics of mammals
- Mammary glands - Hair, fat layer - Kidneys - Differentiated teeth
64
Mammals evolved from (synapsids/diapsids)
Synapsids
65
Reptiles evolved from (synapsids/diapsids)
diapsids
66
Three living lineages of mammals
- Monotremes - Marsupials - Eutherians
67
Monotremes
"single opening/hole" -- a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus
68
Monotremes are only found in ...
Australia and New Guinea
69
Monotremes lack ...
nipples
70
Monotreme young get milk from ...
Milk-producing glands on stomach, obtained by sucking milk from the mothers fur
71
Marsupials
Characterized by animals being born very early in development, then completing embryonic development while nursing in maternal pouch
72
(Divergent/convergent) evolution resulting in a diversity of marsupials that resemble eutharians in other parts of the world
Convergent
73
Eutherians
Characterized by a longer period of pregnancy and a more complex placenta
74
Young eutherians complete embryonic development in a ______, joined to the mother by a _______
uterus; placenta;
75
Derived characteristics of primates
- Fully opposable thumb - Hands/feet adapted for grasping - Flat nails as opposed to claws - Forward looking eyes close together - Complex social behaviour and parental care
76
Three groups of living primates
- Lemurs - Tarsiers - Anthropoids (including monkeys, apes)
77
Old world
Africa and Asia
78
New World
South America
79
Apes diverged from the old world ___ MA
~25 MA

bio202 (18 decks)

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