Prokaryotes

Question 1

Microbiome

Answer 1

any number of existing organisms that exist within that environment

Question 2

Properties of a prokaryotic cell wall

Answer 2

• maintains shape
• physically protects cell
• prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic event

Question 3

Capsule

Answer 3

polysaccharide/protein layer that covers many prokaryotes

Question 4

Endospores

Answer 4

found on some species to endure harsh conditions (ex. dehydration)

Question 5

Fimbriae

Answer 5

short protein appendages that extend from bacterial cell surface, allowing bacteria to adhere to surface

Question 6

Taxis

Answer 6

ability to move toward/away from certain stimulus

Question 7

Chemotaxis

Answer 7

movement of an organism in response to chemicals

Question 8

Phototaxis

Answer 8

movement of an organism in response to light

Question 9

Prokaryotes genetic variability can be attributed to …

Answer 9

1. rapid reproduction
2. mutation
3. genetic recombination

Question 10

Prokaryotes can reproduce within __min to ___ hours

Answer 10

20m-1.3hr

Question 11

_________ accumulate rapidly in a population due to _____ ___________

Answer 11

Mutation; rapid reproduction;

Question 12

Transformation

Answer 12

Cell can take up/incorporate foreign DNA from surrounding environment

Question 13

Transduction

Answer 13

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

Question 14

Bacteriophages

Answer 14

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

temporary union of two bacteria for the exchange of genetic materil

Question 16

What three processes allow for prokaryotic genetic recombination?

Answer 16

• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation

Question 17

Sex Pili

Answer 17

hair-like surface structures associated with conjugation

Question 18

F factor

Answer 18

a circular plasmid that so required for the production of sex pili

Question 19

The F Factor is transferrable during (transfomation/transduction/conjugation)

Answer 19

Conjugation

Question 20

Cells with F factor are (donors/recipients)

Answer 20

donors

Question 21

Cells without F factor are (donors/recipients)

Answer 21

recipients

Question 22

R plasmids

Answer 22

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 23

Phototrophs

Answer 23

obtain energy from light

Question 24

Chemotrophs

Answer 24

obtain energy from chemicals

Question 25

Autotrophs

Answer 25

require CO2 as a carbon source (inorganic)

Question 26

Heterotrophs

Answer 26

require organic nutrients to make organic compounds

Question 27

Photoautotrophs

Answer 27

obtain energy from light, and carbon from CO2

Question 28

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 28

obtain energy from inorganic chemicals, and carbon from CO2

Question 29

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 29

obtain energy from light, and carbon from organic compounds

Question 30

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 30

obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds

Question 31

Obligate aerobes

Answer 31

require O2 for cellular respiration

Question 32

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 32

poisoned by O2, and use fermentation instead (anaerobic respiration)

Question 33

Faculative anaerobes

Answer 33

can survive with or without O2

Question 34

Heterocysts

Answer 34

photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells exchanging metabolic products found in Anabaena

Question 35

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 35

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (N2-->NH3)

Question 36

Biofilm

Answer 36

surface coating colonies of multiple prokaryotic species

Question 37

_________otrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers

Answer 37

chemoheterotrophic

Question 38

Nitrogen fixing prokaryotes can increase availability of...

Answer 38

- Nitrogen - Potassium - Phosphorus

Question 39

Symbiosis

Answer 39

an ecological relationship between two+ organisms

Question 40

Mutualism

Answer 40

both organisms benefit from the relationship

Question 41

Commensalism

Answer 41

one organism benefits, while the other isn't harmed/helped

Question 42

Parasitism

Answer 42

one organism (parasite) benefits, while the other (host) is harmed

Question 43

Pathogens

Answer 43

parasites that cause diseases

Question 44

Exotocins

Answer 44

Toxins released by cell when they are alive, and can cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them aren't present

Question 45

Endotoxins

Answer 45

Toxins released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

Question 46

Bioremediation

Answer 46

use of organisms (prokaryotes) to remove pollutants from environment

Question 47

Bioremediation can assist in ...

Answer 47

- Recovery of metal from ores - Synthesis of vitamins - Production of antibiotics - Production of hormones