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Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Protist

A

Informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

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2
Q

Protists are (para/poly/mono)phyletic

A

Paraphyletic

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3
Q

Plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into …

A

red/green algae

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4
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

process in which a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

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5
Q

Organisms undergoing secondary endosymbiosis has (#) sets of membrane surrounding chloroplasts

A

2+

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6
Q

The chloroplasts of (red/brown/golden/green) algae have undergone secondary endosymbiosis

A

brown

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7
Q

red/green algae underwent secondary endosymbiosis, where they were ingested by a _____________ _________

A

heterotrophic eukaryote

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8
Q

Protists (are/aren’t) a valid phylogenetic classification

A

aren’t

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9
Q

Nutritional diversity in protist includes …

A
  • Heterotrophs
  • Phototrophs
  • Mixotrophs
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10
Q

Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis of …

A

aerobic prokaryote

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11
Q

Plastids evolved by endosymbiosis of …

A

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

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12
Q

Plastid

A

membrane-bound organelle found in plant/algae cells that perform photosynthesis/metabolic functions

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13
Q

Heterotrophs obtain nutrients by….

A

absorbing organic molecules/ingest large food particles

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14
Q

Plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into …

A

red/green algae

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15
Q

Phototrophs obtain nutrition by…

A

photosynthesis (contain chloroplats)

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16
Q

4 supergroups of eukaryotes:

A
  • Excavate
  • SAR
  • Archaeplastida
  • Unikonta
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17
Q

Mnemonic for protists super/subgroups

A

Every
Doll
Produces
Estrogen –
Kills
Everyone
–
Some
Gay
Bitches
Die
–
A
Dyke
Ate
Cooch
–
Right? (shit)
Fucking
Rocks!
–
A
Gay
RIte (of)
Passage
–
Unless
Approaches
Obediently
–

Shaun…do not repeat this one….

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18
Q

Mixotrophs obtain nutrients…

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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19
Q

Excavate are characterized by their …

A

Cytoskeletons, ventral feeding group & flagella

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20
Q

Subgroups of excavate:

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Parabasalids
  • Euglenozoa
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21
Q

The reduced mitochondria of a diplomonad is referred to as the …

A

Mitosome

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22
Q

The reduced mitochondria of the parabasalids is known as the…

A

hydrogenosomes

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23
Q

Euglonozoa

A

diverse clade within Excavate that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites

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24
Q

Euglenozoa are characterized by their

A

flagella with a spiral crystalline rod structure, without a known cause

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25
The representative organism of the diplomonads are ...
Giardia
26
The representative organism of the Parabasalids are...
T.Vaginalis
27
Two subgroups of the Euglenozoa:
- Kinetoplastids - Euglenoids
28
Kinetoplastids
single mitochondrial individuals with an organized mass of DNA called the kinetoplast
29
The organized mass of DNA with kinetoplastids is referred to as the ___________
kinetoplast
30
Euglenoids
have one/two (long) flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, as well as a characteristic eye spot
31
Euglenoids are - autotrophic - heterotrophic - both
both
32
SAR stands for ...
- Stamenopiles - Alveolates - Rhizarians
33
Stramenopiles and Alveolates evolved when their common ancestor engulfed...
red algae
34
Subgroups of Stramenopiles include
- Diatoms - Golden Algae - Brown Algae
35
Diatoms are a major component of ...
Phytoplankton and diatomaceous earth
36
Gold algae contains yellow and brown __________ and are __flagellate
caretnoids; bi;
37
Brown Algae are commonly called _________
seaweeds
38
Thallus
the plant-like algal body
39
The ________ anchors the stem-like _____ to a surface, which in turn supports the leaf-life _______
holdfast; stipe; blades;
40
Stramenopiles
distinguished by two unequal flagella, one with a long "hairy" projection
41
Alveolata
membrane bound sacs (aveoli) under plasma membrane
42
Examples of alveolata include...
- Dinoflagellates - Apicomplexans - Ciliates
43
Archaeplastida encompasses...
- Red Algae - Green Algae - Land Plants
44
Dino flagellates are (mixo/hetero/auto) and (mixo/hetero/auto)trophic.
mixotrophic; heterotrophic;
45
Dinoflagellates are important components of marine/freshwater _____________
phytoplankton
46
(Red/Green) algae are most abundant in coastal waters
Red
47
Dinoflagellate blooms are responsible for ___ _____
Red tides
48
Apicomplexans are _________ of humans
parasites
49
A plasmodium is an example of an _____________, causing malaria
Apicomplexan
50
Ciliates
large varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move/feed
51
Rhizarians
diverse group of protists defined by monophyletic DNA similarities
52
Examples of Rhizarians include
- Radiolarians - Foraminiferans (forams)
53
Tests
a prorective shell/skeleton that some protists secrete
54
Pseudopodia
temporary arm-like projections of a cells membrane that can help with movement, environmental sensing, or obtaining nutrition/phagocytosis
55
Radiolarians
Rhizarians with intricate tests fused into one delicate piece usually composed of SILICA
56
___________ emerge from the small holes in Radiolarians, primarily to ______ microorganisms through ___________
pseudopodia; engulf; phagocytosis
57
Forams
Rhizarians with porous, multichambered tests composed of CaCO3
58
(Radiolarian/Foram) tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record
Foram
59
What are the two clades within the supergroup Unikonta?
- Amoebazoans - Opisthokonts
60
Amoebozoans
Amoeba that have lobe/tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia
61
Archaeplastida
a monophyletic group consisting of red & green algae and land plants
62
Phycoerhythrin masks the (red/green) colour in (red/green) algae.
green; red
63
Examples of opisthokonts include
- Animals - Fungi - Related protists
64
(red/green) algae leads to the evolution of land plants
green
65
Two types of green algae:
- Chlorophytes - Charophytes
66
In terms of their cells, chlorophytes can be ...., while charophytes are....
uni/multicellular or colonial; multicellular
67
Charophytes
multicellular freshwater organisms that grow in one direction
68
Chlorophytes
uni/multicellular or colonial marine organisms that often grow in sheets
69
(Charophytes/Chlorophytes) are the closest living relatives of land plants
Charophytes
70
Many chlorophytes are _____ and _______
large; complex
71
Chlorophytes often live in ....
- freshwater environments - damp soil - symbionts in lichen - snow
72
Unikonta
includes amoebas, animals, fungi, and some protists
73
Types of Amoebozoans include...
- plasmodial slime molds - cellular slime molds - Tubilinids
74
Opsithikonts include
animals, fungi, some protists
75
Plasmodial slime molds
single, large, diploid multinucleated cells that form a large supercell while feeding
76
Plasmodial slime molds are (haploid/diploid)
diploid
77
Mold Plasmodium
an aggregate of plasmodial slime molds | NOT to be confused with malarial Plasmodium - This is an Apicomplexan! ## Footnote aka - an Alveolata!
78
Cellular slime molds
Individual amoeboid cells that aggregate when conditions require it (most of life unitcellular - multicellular when required!)
79
An example of a cellular slime mold is ...
D. discoideum
80
Tubilinids
common unicellular amoebozoans in soil. freshwater, and marine enironments
81
Tubilinids are mostly (mixo/hetero/photo)trophic
heterotrophic
82
Tubilinids are known to cause which disease?
Dysentery
83
Tubilinids actively seek and consume ....
bacteria & other protists

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