Eisenhower Import Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
when had Truman asked Eisenhower to stand as a democratic candidate for the presidency (2)
A
1947, 1951
2
Q
what % of the national vote did Eisenhower win in 1952?
A
55%
3
Q
What does K1C2 stand for?
A
Korea, Communism, Corruption
4
Q
what did Eisenhower promise to do which resonated with the American people?
A
end the Korean war
5
Q
what was the slogan for Eisenhower’s tv advert in 1952 (the first ever produced)?
A
I Like Ike
6
Q
Eisenhower became the first president since when, in the 1956 election, to win the presidency without gaining a majority in either the house or congress?
A
1848
7
Q
what approval rating did Eisenhower frequently enjoy (starkly in contrast to other presidents 1945-80)
A
(over) 70%
8
Q
what is the name of the televised speech given by VP candidate Richard Nixon in response to accusations of bribery (in which he went through his bank statements)? when did it take place?
A
Checkers speech 23 September 1952
9
Q
what figure was Nixon accused of accepting in bribery payments?
A
18,000
10
Q
what was the name of Eisenhower’s domestic policy program?
A
Dynamic Conservatism
11
Q
how did Eisenhower describe his approach to domestic policy
A
Conservative when it comes to money liberal when it comes to human beings
12
Q
of the 83 bills Eisenhower sent to congress how many were rejected?
A
10
13
Q
In which years did Eisenhower balance the budget? (3)
A
1956, 1957, 1960
14
Q
in what speech did Eisenhower present his view on domestic policy and military spending in particular? when?
A
a chance for peace speech, 1953
15
Q
what new department did Eisenhower successfully create to help forward his agenda of improved social welfare?
A
the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
16
Q
Eisenhower expanded social security to cover how many Americans (breaking way from republican tradition)?
A
10 million
17
Q
by how much did Eisenhower increase minimum wage (challenging republican ideas of a ‘free market’)?
A
25%- i think 11 cents
18
Q
how much money did Eisenhower make available for low-income public housing?
A
$500 million
19
Q
what was the percentage of unemployment in 1957 (the lowest of Eisenhowers presidency)
A
4.5%
20
Q
which act became the largest peacetime public works project in American history?
A
Highway Act, 1956
21
Q
how many miles of highways were built as a result of the highway act 1956?
A
41,000 miles
22
Q
how much did the highway act 1956 cost?
A
$26 billion
23
Q
what did Eisenhower establish to provide a solution to supply and demand issues, paying farmers to withdraw land from production in order to maintain food prices?
A
a soil bank
24
Q
which two states did Eisenhower admit into the USA? when?
A
Alaska and Hawaii, 1959
25
in which 2 years did Eisenhower introduce civil rights acts?
1957, 1960
26
why did some republicans criticise Eisenhower?
the government was getting too big
27
how much did domestic spending increase in 1953?
31%
28
what was Eisenhower blamed for by many republicans in 1958?
the poor performance of the republicans in the 1958 midterms
29
how many americans still lived below the poverty line (an annual income of less than $3000 for a family of 4)?
25%
30
what percentage of America's poor was concentrated in the south?
50%- but the south ony has 30% of total population
31
who did Eisenhower unsuccessfully attempt to assimilate? what piece of legislation enacted this (with year)?
Native Americans, the Indian Relocation Act 1956 (the act encouraged them to move from reservations to cities)
32
with what group did Eisenhower form close links during his presidency?
the Protestant Church
33
what words were added to the pledge of allegiance under Eisenhower?
under God
34
what was adopted by congress as the US national motto in 1956
In God We Trust
35
what % of the population identified as protestants in 1956? (2)
66% (74% of over 50s)
36
why did Eisenhower choose Nixon as his VP?
to balance the ticket
37
what nickname had Richard Nixon acquired during his 1950 campaign for the governorship of California?
Tricky Dicky
38
what did Nixon chair in Eisenhower's absence?
the cabinet and NSC
39
for what reason did Nixon take over the presidency for 6 weeks in 1955?
Eisenhower's heart attack
40
what role did Nixon play in the GOP during Eisenhower's presidency?
de facto leader
41
until what year were the Republicans kept from control of the senate?
1980
42
until what year were the Republicans kept from control of the House of Representatives?
1994
43
what % of the population were found to be in favour of McCarthy's anti-communist campaign by an opinion poll in 1953?
50%
44
what did McCarthy do in 1954?
staged televised trials of (suspected) communists in the army
45
what did army lawyer Joseph Welch famously ask McCarthy in the televised trials - ending his career?
have you no sense of decency left, sir, at long last?
46
what did the senate vote to do after the televised army trials in 1954?
censure McCarthy (for conduct unbecoming a senator)
47
for how long did McCarthy continue to serve, an outcast in Washington, after 1954?
2.5 years
48
how did Eisenhower describe the period of McCarthy's work in the senate post 1954?
McCarthywasm
49
what did McCarthy's replacement describe him as following his death from alcoholism in 1957?
a disgrace to Wisconsin, to the senate and to America
50
what have modern historians discovered about McCarthy's list of apparent communists in the state department?
9 of those named had aided the Soviets
51
how much did the overall economy grow during the 1950's?
37%
52
why did inflation stay low under Eisenhower?
his balancing of the federal budget
53
give 4 reasons for the economic boom in the 1950s?
GI Bill, housing boom, spending in military sector, growth of advertising
54
how much did the government spend annually in the defence sector in the 1950's? (following the beginning of the cold war in earnest following Kennan's long telegram)
$40 billion
55
what was the average rate of inflation under Eisenhower?
0.02
56
give 3 examples of consumer goods that gained popularity in the 1950's
TVs, cars, refrigerators
57
overall by how much did the US economy grow in the 1950s?
0.37
58
by how much did spending on advertisement grow between 1950 and 1963?
$7 billion
59
how much are baby boomer thought to have contributed to the US economy annually?
$20 million
60
when was the first credit card launched? by whom?
1950, the diners club
61
when was the American Express credit card launched?
1958
62
by how much did GNP increase (in 1958 dollars) between 1950 and 1960?
$133 billion
63
by how much had personal debt increased by 1960
$158 billion
64
give 2 examples of consumer goods that made use of war time technological advancements
microwaves, colour tv
65
by how much did Eisenhower reduce defence spending per year?
between $40 and 50 billion
66
how was the 90% of the $26 billion cost of the Highway Act 1956 paid for by the US government raised?
increased gasoline tax
67
by how much did the number of automobiles produced annually increase between 1946 and 1955?
x4
68
what percentage of families owned at least one car by 1960?
0.9
69
by what % did real income increase between 1945 and 1960?
0.25
70
what was the median family income in 1956?
5620
71
by how much did the average family's purchasing power increase in the period of the boom?
0.3
72
how many shopping malls were there in the US in 1945?
8
73
how many shopping malls were there in the US in 1960
4000
74
by how much did the US population increase between 1950 and 1960?
29 million
75
how many homes were part of the Levittown suburb in NY?
17000
76
the number of residents in Levittown?
80000
77
how many cars were manufactured in 1955 alone?
7.9 million
78
how many McDonald's restaurants were there by 1961?
228
79
what percentage of record sales were accounted for by rock and roll artists by 1959?
0.43
80
how many televisions were owned by Americans in 1941?
(fewer than) 10,000
81
how many televisions were owned by Americans in 1965?
(more than) 65 million
82
the name for the non conformist alternative culture than began to emerge during the boom period - characterised by the work of Jack Kerouac and music by artists like Bob Dylan
beat generation
83
the term describing peoples experienced and ambitions becoming increasingly conformist
homogenisation
84
the most popular TV show of the 1950's, which reinforced the ideals of homogenised American Society?
I Love Lucy
85
when did the first indoor shopping mall open?
Oct-56
86
when did the first Disneyland park open?
1955
87
what percentage of Americans could afford a middle class lifestyle economically by 1960?
0.6
88
by what figure did the percentage of Americans graduating high school increase between 1945 and 1960?
0.16
89
what book published in 1962 exposed the extreme poverty that still existed in the economic boom period? who wrote it?
The Other America, Michael Harrington
90
The term describing the fact that consumer boom meant that poverty was less obvious as cheap clothes and consumer products put a homogenised veneer on suffering and poverty that many families faced
invisible poverty
91
in which two years did America experience recession under Eisenhower?
1954 (minor), 1958 (major)
92
how many Americans were unemployed during the 1958 recession
5 million
93
by how much did production fall during the 1958 recession?
0.14
94
how much did the soil bank costs increase between 1951 and 1960 as agricultural productivity caused problems?
4.1 billion
95
why was the boom less positive for women?
put out of work (by men returning from war), trapped at home looking after (baby boom) babies, (traditional chores became mechanised leaving them with little stimulation
96
the term used to describe the movement of white people out of cities into suburbs - created mainly black inner-city Ghettos
white flight
97
what problems faced African Americans during the boom
manual jobs became mechanised (putting them out of jobs), employment practices were still not fair, white flight
98
which act reinstated the 'urban renewal program'
Housing Act, 1954
99
Who did Eisenhower appoint as secretary of state in 1952?
John Foster Dulles
100
give three words that characterise JFDs approach to foreign policy
hardline anti-communism, massive retaliation, brinkmanship
101
when did Stalin die?
Mar-53
102
which more moderate soviet figure replaced Stalin as leader of the USSR? when?
Nikita Khrushchev, 1956
103
what prevented the Cold war from turning 'hot'?
MAD
104
Who put the first man made object in space? what was it called? when was this achieved?
USSR, Sputnik, 1957
105
who sent the first dog into space?
USSR (the dog was called Laika)
106
What happened to the US Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite? when?
it blew up live on television, travelling just 4ft, 1958
107
which ex Nazi scientist did Eisenhower appoint to NASA to help speed up American space projects?
Werner von Braun
108
by which year had both powers developed Hydrogen bombs?
1953
109
at how much notice could America have 1/3 of her nuclear arsenal prepared for launch by 1955?
15 minutes
110
How many nuclear weapons did the US have stockpiled by 1957?
5543
111
How many nuclear weapons did the soviets have stockpiled by 1957?
650
112
when was the first ICBM developed? by whom?
1957, USSR
113
what happened in Hungry in 1956 after Khrushchev denounced stalinist policy?
an uprising against communism
114
name the Hungarian leader who replaced hardline stalinist Rakosi in the period of the Hungarian Uprising?
Imre Nagy
115
what did Nagy promise the Hungarian people? (3)
free elections, restoration of private property, withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact
116
How did Khrushchev respond to the uprising?
he sent in tanks and troops (killing 3000)
117
How did the Hungarians expect Eisenhower to respond?
giving support to Hungarians
118
what did Khrushchev order the western powers to do in November 1958?
remove their forces from West Berlin within 6 months
119
what % of the East German population had escaped to the west by 1961?
0.2
120
how did Eisenhower respond to the USSRs Berlin demands?
diplomatically, inviting Khrushchev to the US
121
what incident occurred in May 1960, reigniting USSR/US animosity?
the U2 crisis
122
what happened in the U2 crisis?
a us spy plane was shot down in the USSR, the US tried to cover it up but were exposed
123
who piloted the U2 plane
Gary Powers
124
what lie did the Americans use to excuse the U2 flight?
a weather flight had accidentally strayed into USSR territory
125
when was an armistice signed ending the Korean war? where was Korea divided?
July 1953, 38th parallel
126
what did the Chinese do to cause problems for the Americans in 1954?
shelled two islands owned by Taiwan
127
what political tactic did JFD use in Korea and Taiwan?
brinkmanship
128
how did the US support the French in Indochina? (2)
financially, b-26 bombers
129
when were French forces defeated in Indochina?
1954
130
why did the US support cruel, dictator Diem in South Vietnam?
he was a staunch anti-communist
131
when was SEATO created?
1954
132
when was CENTO created?
1955
133
when was the Iraqi monarchy overthrown?
1958
134
what happened in Iraq after the monarchy was overthrown? (to the displeasure of JFD)
the new Iraqi leadership forged friendly relations with the USSR
135
which other middle eastern countries began to form closer relationships with the USSR in this period? (3)
Egypt, Syria, Libya
136
when did the 'Suez Crisis' occur?
1956
137
which powers secretly planned to invade Egypt in 1956 to regain control of the Suez?
Britain, France, Israel
138
why didn't Eisenhower support his allies embroiled in the Suez?
he did not want to support imperialism
139
how did the US force France and Britain to withdraw from the Suez?
applying extreme financial pressure
140
what did Eisenhower put forth in 1957 in the wake of the Hungarian uprising?
the Eisenhower doctrine
141
what did the Eisenhower doctrine cement?
US commitment to assist nations against armed aggression from communism
142
how much money was put aside for the implementation of the Eisenhower doctrine?
$200 million
143
which civil rights groups campaigned against de facto segregation in Northern trade unions?
NUL
144
how many national chapters did CORE have by 1960?
53
145
what incendiary documentary NOI documentary aired in this period? when?
the hate that hate produced, 1959
146
which famous civil rights activist first came to public prominence in the 1959 NOI documentary?
Malcolm X
147
what ruling signified the end of school segregation in the South creating legal precedent which overturned Plessy vs Ferguson? what year?
Brown vs Board of Education (of Topeka Kansas), 1954
148
who was chief Justice presiding over the brown decision (having been appointed in 1953)?
Earl Warren
149
how many Americans were members of white citizens councils by 1956?
250000
150
how many Southern 'dixiecrat' politicians signed the Southern Manifesto in 1956?
101
151
which significant southern democrat refused to sign the Southern Manifesto?
LBJ
152
what did the southern manifesto state that the signatories would do?
use 'all lawful means' to oppose school desegregation
153
what brutal racist incident did Eisenhower refuse to comment on in 1955?
the murder of (14 year old) Emmett Till
154
which 1955 NAACP case secured admittance of a black student into the University of Alabama?
Lucy vs Adams
155
in what year was Autherine Lucy expelled from the University of Alabama?
1956
156
which supreme court case forced the desegregation of schools with 'all deliberate speed'?
Brown II
157
what did Virginia Senator Harry Byrd encourage white segregationists to employ, (to the point where some closed down schools completely)?
'massive resistance'
158
when was the first Tennessee school desegregated (with the support of governor Frank Clement)?
1956
159
when did the 'little rock nine' start school? where?
1957, Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas
160
who was the Governor of Arkansas in 1957?
Orval Faubus
161
who did Faubus use to turn the little rock nine away?
the national guard
162
how did Eisenhower react to Faubus' deliberate prevention of integration (which aired on national tv)?
sent in the 101st Airborne division (to escort black students) and federalised the national guard
163
what did Faubus do in 1958?
closed down all public school in little rock
164
how many times was Faubus re-elected as governor after the crisis?
4
165
which civil rights activist was arrested for opposing bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954?
Rosa Parks
166
on what previous action was the Montgomery boycott based?
the Baton Rouge bus boycott
167
which key civil rights figure emerged in Montgomery in 1954?
MLK
168
how long did the montgomery Bus Boycott last?
381 days
169
what % of their costs did the bus companies lose per day of the Boycott in Montgomery?
0.8
170
which NAACP supreme court case ruled bus segregation unconstitutional based on the 14th amendment? when?
Browder vs Gayle, 1956
171
what did Eisenhower fear? limiting the extent of civil rights progress under his administration?
Miscegenation (the mixing of races through marriage etc)
172
how many of the 900,000 African Americans in Mississipi were allowed to vote in 1956?
7000
173
what is the famously impossible question featured on literacy tests in southern states (for the registration of black voters)?
how many bubbles in a bar of soap
174
who did Nixon meet in Ghana in 1957, encouraging him to support civil rights legislation?
MLK
175
in what year did the first civil rights bill under Eisenhower appear?
1957
176
for how long did Strom Thurmond filibuster to obstruct the bill?
24hrs 18 mins
177
what % more African American voters did the 1957 bill add?
0.03
178
the 1957 Civil Rights act was the first act of its kind in how many years?
82
179
which act introduced penalties to against anybody who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote or someone's attempt to vote?
1960 Civil Rights Act
