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Embryology and fetal development Flashcards

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1
Q

Capacitation

A

A maturing process that’s the sperm go through once in the denial reproductive tract

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2
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Enzymes from the acrosome digest outer layer of the ova

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3
Q

Ovum

A

From ovulation to fertilisation

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4
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilisation to implantation

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5
Q

Embryo

A

Implantation to the 8th week

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6
Q

Fetus

A

From 8 weeks until term

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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

The union of an oocyte and a sperm (conception)

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8
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

Fallopian tube

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9
Q

What does oestrogen cause that helps sperm cells be able to swim?

A

Thinning of uterine secretions

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10
Q

What stimulates flagella for swimming?

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What prevents addition of more sperm cells into the secondary oocyte after one sperm cell has penetrated?

A

Changes to the egg cell membrane and zone pellucida

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12
Q

First trimester

A

1-12 weeks

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13
Q

Second trimester

A

13-27 weeks

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14
Q

Third trimester

A

28 weeks-birth

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15
Q

Period of mitosis when cells get smaller and smaller

A

Cleavage

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16
Q

Dividing solid mass of cells

A

Morula

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17
Q

When the morula hollows what is formed?

A

A blastocyst

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18
Q

What does the blastocyst do?

A

Implants into the endometrium

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19
Q

Blastocyst

A

A hollow sphere of cells that used to be a morula

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20
Q

When do cells of morula/blastocyst stop being pluripotent

A

When the blastocyst implants on the uterus

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21
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells can form all cells in the body including placental or embryonic cells

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22
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that can give rise to any cell types in the body (no embryonic/placental)

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23
Q

The cells of the blastocyst have two potential purposes

A
  • Some become the placenta

- Others become the inner cell mass that gives rise to the embryo

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24
Q

Outer cell wall of the blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

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25
Cells of the trophoblast
Trophoblastic cells
26
What happens where the trophoblastic cells touch the endometrium of the uterus?
They undergo DNA synthesis and change shape to cuboid
27
What happens to trophoblastic cells after DNA synthesis
They form the cytotrophoblast
28
Cytotrophoblast
Inner layer of the trophoblast
29
What do the daughter cells from trophoblast Mitosis form?
A syncytium | (Mass of tissue with a protoplasm, nuclei and a syncytiotrophoblast
30
Syncytiotrophoblast
Outer layer of the trophoblast
31
What does the endometrium of the uterus becomes what after a syncytium is formed?
Decidua
32
What is formed inside the blastocyst?
Inner cells mass
33
What do the cells of the inner cell mass divide into?
Embryonic disc
34
Two layers of the inner cell mass
Epiblast | Hypoblast
35
By day 12 what covers the blastocyst
Uterine epithelium
36
What hormone do trophoblast cells secrete?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
37
What does hCG do?
Maintains the corpus luteum and the therefore uterine lining
38
Corpus luteum
Structure in ovary that secretes hormones
39
What hormone is secreted by the placenta for breast development?
Placental lactogen
40
Which hormone increases initially and then decreases and plateaus?
hCG
41
Which hormone levels increase through pregnancy?
Estrogens | Progesterone
42
What hormones are inhibited by placental estrogens and progesterone?
LH | FSH
43
Bilaminar disc
The epiblast and the hypoblast
44
What does gastrulation form?
Primitive streak
45
Epiblast cells heap up on the embryonic disc and spill over which forms a third layer called what?
Mesoderm
46
Gastrulation
Process where the inner cell mass becomes the three layer start of an embryo
47
What are the three layers of the epiblast following gastrulation
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
48
Neurulation
The folding process of the three layers of the epiblast and formation of a neural tube
49
Notocord
Transient embryonic structure that’s provides pattern for surrounding tissue Induces change in the ectoderm
50
Neural tube
Forms from the ectoderm which thickens and forms a neural plate Neural plate folds over and zips to form a tube Becomes the brain and spinal cord
51
Ectoderm becomes
Nervous system
52
Mesoderm becomes
``` Muscle Bone Blood Lymphatic and blood vessels Organs ```
53
Endodermal layer becomes
Digestive and respiratory tracts Bladder Urethra
54
Hard outer covering around the blastocyst
Zona pellicida
55
What will the inner cell mass develop into
Embryo
56
What will trophoblast develop into
Placenta
57
Three features of the chorion membrane
Thick, opaque Produces progesterone Sticks to decidua
58
3 features of the amnion membrane
Tough, translucent Formation of amniotic fluid Produces prostaglandins
59
What is the name of the lines in the placenta?
Cotyledons
60
Purpose of the notocord?
Activates signalling pathways that order tissues to differentiate and develop
61
3 functions of placenta
Obtains nutrients and O2 for embryo Disposed of waste products from embryo’s metabolism Protects fetus and nurtures it
62
What is the immunological role of the placenta
To prevent fetal rejection
63
4 components required by the fetus
Amino acids-cell building Glucose-energy Calcium-teeth and bones Iron- blood
64
Trophoblast develops an inner layer which combines with the trophoblast to form what?
Chorion
65
Spaces around the chorionic Villi
Lacunae
66
What’s the lacunae filled with
Maternal blood
67
Bean shaped thing in the chorion membrane of the uterus to the left of the other bean shape
Yolk sac
68
Bean shaped thing to the right of the other, enclosed by the chorion?
Amnion
69
What is inside the amnion
Amniotic cavity
70
Where tidied the placenta form from?
The chorion
71
Where is the embryo
In the amniotic cavity
72
Where does the amnion attach around the edge of?
Embryonic disc
73
Amniotic fluid function
Prevents compression if embryo and cushions it from movements of the mother Infection barrier Maintains temperature
74
Amnion membrane vs chorion
Chrorion -thick and opaque | Amnion- smooth and translucent
75
What hormones does the commotion produce
Progesterone
76
What does the amnion produce
Prostaglandins
77
Which membrane adheres closely to the decidua
Chorion
78
Amniotic fluid can be oligiohydramnious or polyhydramnious, what does this mean
Oligiohydramnious- too little amniotic fluid | Polyhydramnious-too much amniotic fluid
79
5 functions of amniotic fluid
``` Symmetrical growth of fetus Barrier to infection Stops amnion sticking to fetus Cushioning Constant temperature ```
80
Why does the distance between maternal and fetal blood get smaller?
The membrane thins as the fetus expands
81
What additional 2 membranes from during development
Yolk sac-gives rise to sex cells | Allantois- produces blood cells
82
In the villi of the chorion there are what
Maternal capillaries
83
Structures anterior and posterior to uterus
Bladder | Bowel

Biology (19 decks)

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