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Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q 
Give examples of the following bones:
Long bones
Short bones 
Flat bones
Irregular bones
A

Long bones- arms and legs
Short bones- wrists and ankles
Flat bones- Ribs, skull bones
Irregular bones- facial bones, vertebrae

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2
Q

List two types of bone tissue

A 
Compact bone (centre of long bone) 
Spongy bone (end of long bone)
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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

Head (cranial/facial bones) and the vertebrae

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4
Q

Appendicular bones

A

Include the exterior bones eg arms and legs

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5
Q

What do ligaments connect?

Give an example

A

These connect bone to bone to form joints

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6
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

These connect bone to muscle

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7
Q

Where are coronal sutures?

A

They start at the top centre of the frontal bone and run down either side of the fronts bone (forehead) to either side of the eye sockets

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8
Q

What is the bone at the front of the skull (forehead) called?

A

Frontal bone

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9
Q

What are the bones called at the top of the head?

A

Left and right parietal bones

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10
Q

Which bone is at the back of the skull?

A

The occipital bone

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11
Q

What suture marks out the occipital bone from the parietal bones?

A

The lambdoid suture

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12
Q

What suture divides the parietal bones?

A

The Sagitta suture

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13
Q

Which bone is below the parietal bone on either side?

A

The temporal bones

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14
Q

What suture divides the parietal bone and the temporal bone?

A

The squamous suture

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15
Q

What suture runs along the top of the frontal bone and meets in a t-shape with the Sagittal suture?

A

The coronal suture

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16
Q

What bone at the bottom of the spine is part of the pelvis?

A

The sacrum

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17
Q

What tail-like structured bone is joined to the bottom of the sacrum?

A

The coccyx

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18
Q

What bone structure makes up the shoulders?

A

The pectoral girdle

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19
Q

Where are the radial bones located?

A

The large bones of the forearm below the elbow

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20
Q

What is the name of the long bone behind the radial bone at the back of the lower arm?

A

The ulna

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21
Q

Bone in the thigh

A

Femur

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22
Q

Two bones in lower leg

A

Inner- tibia

Outer-fibula

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23
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints made of cartilage that unite bones

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24
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses

Synchondrosis

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25
What is an example of a symphyses joint? | Type of cartilaginous joint
Pubic symphysis
26
What is the pubic symphysis?
This is a cartilaginous symphyses joint that joins the left and right pubic bones It becomes flexible in pregnancy for an easier delivery
27
What are synovial joints?
Joint cavities between two bones filled with synovial fluid
28
Common types of synovial joints include
Pivot (elbow) , ball and socket (hip/shoulder), hinge (elbow/knee)
29
What is a fibrous joint?
Dense connective tissue made mainly of collagen eg sutures in the skull
30
What terms describe the joint movement where a bone can move forward and backwards?
Forward- Extension | Backwards-flexion
31
What are bone cells called
Osteocytes
31
What is the periosteum?
Vascular connective tissue covering bones
32
Four functions of bones
Organ protection Muscle attachment (act as levers for muscles which are attached to periosteum) Blood cell production (in red bone marrow) Mineral storage eg calcium
33
How does endochondral bone form?
These start as hyaline cartilage models and are replaced with bone. Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts that first form spongy bone (primary ossification centre in the diaphysis). Later osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down compact bone outside the spongy bone (secondary ossification). Hyaline cartilage forms between the two ossification layers.
34
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
34
What are the ends of bones called that form joints with adjacent bones?
Epiphyses
36
What terms describe the movement where bones move towards or away from each other?
Abduction- out | Adduction- in
37
What is the outer covering of bone called?
The periosteum
38
What are the three types of muscle?
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
40
What are muscles made up of in size order
Fascicles-muscle fibres-myofibrils-thick and thin filaments (myofilaments )
41
How does intramembranous bone form?
Osteoblast cells deposit bone tissue around themselves enclosing themselves into compartments called lacunae. The cells are then called osteocytes (within bone).
42
What proteins are the thick and think myofilaments made up of?
Thin- actin | Thick-myosin
43
What are the other two proteins in muscle?
Tropinin and tropomyosin
44
How do actin and myosin interact?
Myosin heads buns to actin filaments to form an actin-myosin crossbridge
52
In a muscular response, what period occurs before the period of contraction (after stimulation)? What comes after the period of contraction?
Before - latent period | After-period of relaxation
53
Summation
If a skeletal muscle is stimulated and another stimulation is applied before the relaxation is complete, the stimulation’s combine to create a larger contraction
54
What is the name of the muscle fibre membrane?
Sarcolemma
55
Muscle fibre cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
56
What do myofilaments make up?
Bigger filaments called myofibrils
57
What does the sarcomere functional unit extend from?
Z line to z line
58
Dark stripes in sarcomere are called
A bands
59
What are the I bands?
Light stripes in the sarcomere
60
What are transverse tubules?
Extensions of cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
61
Which area stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
62
What neurotransmitter is released from the end of a motor neurone?
Acetylcholine
63
What on actin molecules do myosin heads bind to?
Myosin binding sites
64
How does the muscle fibre shorten?
Myosin heads form crossbridges on actin molecule and then actin-myosin crossbridge bends, pulling the actin filament. It then releases and attaches to the next binding site and repeats, drawing in the actin molecule.
65
What two molecules does muscles contraction require?
Calcium and ATP
66
Where is acetylcholine released from and to in muscle stimulus for contraction?
The motor neurone’s synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft
67
What happens when the acetylcholine binds to receptors in the synapse?
If the stimulus reaches the threshold for an action potential, a muscle impulse spreads around the sarcolemma surface down the t tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
68
What does the increase of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm do?
Interacts with troponin and tropomyosin (associated with actin) which move from the myosin binding sites so they are free for myosin heads to bind
69
What do troponin and tropomyosin do at rest?
Cover the myosin binding sites (until calcium activated them to move)
70
What enzyme disposed of acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase
71
Which muscle types are involuntary vs voluntary
Involuntary- cardiac, smooth | Voluntary- skeletal
72
Tetany
When many stimulation’s occur in high frequency causing involuntary contraction of muscles
73
3 types of muscle
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
74
Where are smooth muscles located
Walls of Blood vessels walls of organs
75
Where are cardiac muscles located
Walls of the heart
76
Purpose of skeletal muscle
Allow movement of bones at joints, posture maintenance
77
Purpose of smooth muscle
Movement of organs, vasoconstriction
78
What is the purpose of cardiac muscle
Allow heart to pump
79
What are Antagonist and agonist muscles? Give example
Antagonistic pairs of muscles in which one contracts as the other relaxes to lift or release a bone eg arm - to left, bicep contracts and tricep relaxes
80
Osteoclasts
Bone reabsorbing cells
81
Ischiococcygeus muscle runs from
Ischial spines to coccyx
82
The contractile unit of skeletal muscle cells is known as?
The sarcomere
83
Ventral
Near the abdomen
84
Medial
In the middle
85
Lateral
To the side of the body
86
Distal
Away from the centre of the body
87
Proximal
Near the centre of the body
88
Sagittal plane on body
Down centre of body along sagittal suture downwards
89
Transverse plane
Across abdomen horizontally dividing body in half
90
Coronal plane
Across body from shoulder to shoulder and dividing body in half

Biology (19 decks)

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