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Anatomy Week 4 > Embryology II > Flashcards

Embryology II Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is the first step in gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primative streak and primative node

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2
Q

Where is the primative node located?

A

at the cranial end of the streak

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3
Q

What is at the center of the primative node?

A

primative pit

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4
Q

What forms the primative streak?

A

thickening of the epiblast cells

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5
Q

When do cells fall through the primative streak?

A

days 2-3 or third week

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6
Q

What is the 1st layer of epiblast cells that move through the primative streak?

A

endoderm

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7
Q

What group of cells does not enter the primative streak?

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

What group of epiblast is second through the primative streak?

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

What is formed by the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm?

A

trilaminar disk

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10
Q

What marks the end of gastrulation?

A

The primitive streak receeds caudally

Cells in node migrate cranially

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11
Q

What is formed by the cells that move cranially at the end of gastrulation?

A

notocord

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12
Q

When do most newborn tertatomas develope?

A

around week 3

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13
Q

What is the 4th major tissue that is derived at the end of gastrulation?

A

notocord

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14
Q

What is derived from the pharyngeal arch of mesoderm?

A

most skeletal muscle of the head

aortic arches

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15
Q

What is derived from the cardiac mesoderm?

A

cardiovascular structures

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16
Q

What is derived from the laterally migrating mesoderm?

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

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17
Q

What day do mesodermal cells begin migrating?

A

day 16

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18
Q

When does laterally migrating mesoderm split into 3 distict regions?

A

day 20

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19
Q

What is derived from the paraxial (somite) mesoderm?

A

makes caudal block of somites that give rise to musculoskeletal system and dermis

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20
Q

Where is paraxial (somite) mesoderm located?

A

immediately lateral to the notcord

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21
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

urogenital system

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22
Q

What happens to lateral plate mesoderm ~d18-20?

A

Forms vesicles to form intraembryonic coelum

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23
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelum give rise to?

A

body cavities, pleural, pericardial, and parietal spaces

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24
Q

What gives rise to the visceral and parietal mesoderm?

A

intraembryonic coelum

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25
T or F: parietal mesoderm fuses with endoderm?
False - it fuses with the ectoderm
26
What comes of the parietal mesoderm?
Skeleton of limbs | Parietal layers of serous membranes
27
What comes of the visceral mesoderm?
smooth muscle walls of the gut tube visceral layer of serous membranes cardiac muscle of heart tube
28
What three broad categories of tissue are derivatives of mesoderm?
musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary
29
What comes of the musculoskeletal mesoderm?
muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal) CT Bone and cartilage
30
What comes of the cardiovascular mesoderm?
Blood, lymph, CV tissues | speel
31
What comes of the genitourinary mesoderm?
``` Adrenal cortex Kidney ureter gonads and genital tracts dura mater all serous membranes ```
32
What the the endoderm generally give rise to?
Epithelial lining of the GI tract, Lower respiratory system, Genitourinary system, pharyngeal pouches Parenchyma of liver, pancreas, submandibular and sublingual glands, follicles of the thyroid gland
33
What germ cell line gives rise to the greatest mass of tissues?
mesoderm
34
What are the only muscles not derived from the mesoderm?
2 smooth muscles of the eye | constrictor pupillae and dilator
35
Where do the constrictor pupillae and dilator derive from?
Somite, lateral plate, pharyngeal, or cardiac mesoderm
36
What part of the genitourinary system is not developed from the intermediate mesoderm?
lower part of the vagina
37
What part of the adrenal gland is derived from the mesoderm?
adrenal cortex
38
What is the adrenal medulla derived from?
neural crest cells (of ectoderm)
39
T or F: Endodermal cells give rise to most tissues that form GI secreting glands
True
40
What two GI secreting glands are not derived from endoderm?
spleen (mesoderm) | Parotid salivary gland (ectoderm)
41
What part of the thyroid gland is derived from mesoderm?
C cell - secrete calcitonin
42
What part of the thyroid gland is derived from endoderm?
Follicular cells thyroxine
43
What are the three subsets of ectoderm?
General, neuroectoderm, neural crest
44
What are the 3 tissues that the neural crest cells work to compose?
Nervous system, head, heart
45
When does neurulation occur?
latter half of w3 to w5
46
What initiates neurulation?
presence of notocord
47
Where is the neural plate formed?
on the midline of the dorsal axis of the embryo
48
What type of cells make up the neural plate?
neuroectodermal cells
49
What happens if the notocord doesn't develope?
neurulation wont take place
50
What happens to the neural plate at the end of w3?
it migrates to make the neural groove
51
What type of cells develope from the lateral margin of the neural groove?
neural crest cells
52
the entire nervous system is derived from what type of tissues?
neural crest cells and neuroectoderm
53
What is formed by the dorsal folding of the neural groove?
the neural tube
54
Where does the fusion of the neural groove first occur and in what direction does it proceed?
starts in middle and proceeds cranially and caudally
55
T or F: the ends of the notocord are left open and ectoderm grows over the openings to cover the dorsal surface
True
56
What closes first the cranial or caudal neopore?
cranial
57
What flows through the neopores before they are closed?
amniotic fluid
58
What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
59
What are the 3 secondary vesicles of the brain?
telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephlon, mylencephlon (hindbrain)
60
What does the telencephalon give rise to?
Cerebral hemisphers basal ganglia lateral ventricles
61
What does the diencephalon give rise to?
thalmus, hypothalamus, epithalmus, subthalmus, retina, and optic n. 3rd ventricle
62
what does the mesencephalon give rise to?
midbrain cerebral aquaduct
63
What does the metencephalon give rise to?
pons cerebellum 4th ventricle
64
What does the mylencephalon give rise to?
Medulla
65
when do most neural tube defects manifest themselves?
day 22 to day 28 when neural tube is closing
66
What causes a great deal of neural tube defects?
lack of folic acid in diet
67
What is anecephaly?
failure of the cranial end of the neuropore to close
68
How can anencephaly be distinguished from spina bifida early on?
a fetus with anencephaly with have polyhyramnios
69
What test indicates a neural tube defect?
Elevated AFP (alpha fetal protein)
70
Besides NTDs what causes elevated AFP?
any defect in body closure
71
What causes spina bifida?
failure of the vertebral arch to form
72
Characterize spina bifida occulta
no NTD no inc. AFT No clinical symptoms

Anatomy Week 4 (17 decks)

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