endo 1

Question 1

pituitary diseases are (common/ uncommon and present as (hyper/ hypo function )

Answer 1

Uncommon and usually present as either a hyperfunction or a hypofunction of the pituitary

Question 2

a localized mass of the pituitary may cause

Answer 2

compression go the optic chiasm of basal portion of the brain

Question 3

the most common hyper functioning pituitary tumor are _____, composed of which cell

Answer 3

prolacttinomas composed of lactotropic cells (prolactin-secreting cells)

Question 4

Somatotropic and Corticotropic Adenomas are _____ common

Answer 4

less

Question 5

What are 3 common symptoms of prolactinomas in women of reproductive age

Answer 5

Amenorrhea, Galactorrhea and infertility

Question 6

hyperprolactinemia inhibits the _____ secretion of ____

why is this important

Answer 6

pulsatile secretion of LH

this is important for normal ovulation to occur

Question 7

What are 2 common symptoms of prolactinomas in men

Answer 7

impotence of loss of libido

symptoms are more vague in men

Question 8

how do we inhibitive function of prolactinomas

Answer 8

beomocriptine (inhibits prolactin secretion)

surgical removal trans nasally may be required for large tumors

Question 9

Somatotropic adenomas are composed of which cells

what are Somatotropic adenomas classified as

Answer 9

composed cells synthesizing growth hormone

classified as macro adenomas

Question 10

what age does Somatotropic adenomas cause stimulation of longitudinal skeletal growth i.e. gigantism

Answer 10

In prepubertal patients aka before closure of the epiphyseal plates of the long bones

Question 11

in acromegaly which parts of the extremities are enlarged

Answer 11

acral

Question 12

what is prognathism

Answer 12

a protruding mandible

Question 13

are internal organs enlarged in acromegaly

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

are examples of metabolic disturbances in acromegaly patients

Answer 14

hyperglycemia and hypercalcemia

Question 15

how are Somatotropic adenomas treated

Answer 15

surgical removal

Question 16

corticotropin adenomas are composed of

most are classified as?

Answer 16

ACTH secreting cells

classified as micro adenomas

Question 17

Corticotropic Adenomas are typically recognized by

Answer 17

the typical symptoms and signs of Cushings disease, fatigue, weakness, and mental instability

Question 18

how are corticotropin adenomas treated

Answer 18

surgical removal

Question 19

Endocrine insufficiency of the pituitary causes hypofunction of secondary organs due to

Answer 19

lack of trophic stimuli, this condition is rare

Question 20

what is Panhypopitiutarism

Answer 20

hypofunction of all the pituitary cells

Question 21

hypogonadism occurs secondary to deficiency

Answer 21

gonadotropic cells – anterior

Question 22

deficiency in the posterior pituitary cells may lead to what

Answer 22

diabetes insipidus

Question 23

Panhypopituitarism of adults

clinical symptoms

Answer 23

general weakness
cold intolerance
poor appetite 
weight loss
hypotension
Women affected do not menstruate and men suffer from impotence

Question 24

Pituitary insufficiency of childhood results in

Answer 24

dwarfism

Question 25

Simmonds disease id

Answer 25

Panhypopituitarism of adults

Question 26

Neoplasms of pituitary are typically

Answer 26

benign and may induce hypo- or hyperfunctioning symptoms

Question 27

compression of the pituitary stalk may cause

Answer 27

hypopituitarism or Diabetes Insipidus

Question 28

Graves Disease cause what type of thyroid functioning

Answer 28

hyper functioning, thyrotoxicosis

Question 29

graves disease is caused by antibodies to which receptor and where are these receptors

Answer 29

TSH on the surface of thyroid follicular cells

Question 30

describe Graves Disease

Answer 30

antibodies bind to the surface of the thyroid cells, and mimic TSH stimulus this stimulates hypersecretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. creates an enlarged thyroid composed of hyperplastic follicles lined by hyperactive, tall cuboidal cells. The thyroid also contains lymphoid follicles

Question 31

describe Thyroid Adenoma

Answer 31

may occasionally be hyperactive, appear as solitary nodules that concentrate radioactive iodine

Question 32

clinical presentation of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

restlessness, nervousness, emotional liability, sweating and tachycardia Cardiac palpitations, muscular tremor and diarrhea weight loss, increased appetite

Question 33

Exophthalmos is common in hyper or hypo thyroidsm

Answer 33

hyper, due to collagen deposition in swollen orbital muscles

Question 34

Hyperthyroidism treatment options

Answer 34

depends on the underlying process solitary hyperfunctioning nodules are surgically removed. Graves Disease and nodular goiters are treated with antithyroid drugs, if these are ineffective, then subtotal thyroidectomy is offered

Question 35

Hypothyroidism results from

Answer 35

functional failure of thyroid gland and inability to Meer the body demand

Question 36

which demands are not met in Hypothyroidism

Answer 36

thyroxine and Triidiothyronine

Question 37

Hashimoto Thyroiditis -- inflammation of the thyroid common in? causes?

Answer 37

?women between 45 and 65 | causes painless diffuse enlargement of thyroid

Question 38

Hashimoto Thyroiditis patients are at an increased risk for what?

Answer 38

B cell lymphomas

Question 39

Hashimoto Thyroiditis histologically

Answer 39

infiltration of the follicles and stroma with mononuclear infiltration including lymphocytes and plasma cells these cell destroy the thyroid follicles and well-developed germinal centers Subsequent healing and fibrosis may actually reduce the size

Question 40

four causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 40

developmental defect -- thyroid aplasia inflammation of thyroid -- Hashimoto thyroidectomy -- iatrogenic (removal of tumor) iodine deficiency -- think Michigan

Question 41

a goiter is associated with

Answer 41

iodine deficiency (hypothyroidism)

Question 42

why do we see enlargement in the thyroid as a result of iodine deficiency

Answer 42

Because the thyroid cannot synthesize enough T3 and T4, its follicles undergo compensatory hyperplasia in an attempt to increase the production of hormones the low concretion in the serum interferes with the feedback inhibition of the pituitary

Question 43

the low concretion in the serum interferes with the feedback inhibition of the pituitary causes what response

Answer 43

over producing of TSH

Question 44

TSH stimulation without adequate supplies of iodine result in what

Answer 44

enlargement of the thyroid without correction the hormone deficiency.

Question 45

Hypothyroidism in children

Answer 45

affects the growth of the entire body including the CNS, if un corrected dwarfism and cretinism occur

Question 46

Hypothyroidism in adults

Answer 46

Myxedema, slowed organ function The patient is sleepy, lacks mental alertness, tires easily, and lacks endurance.

Question 47

Hypothyroidism effect on organs

Answer 47

heart beats slow, the intestines lose motility, causing constipation, and the skeletal muscles are weak, stiff and ache

Question 48

thyroid levels in Hypothyroidism

Answer 48

TSH high T3 and T4 low

Question 49

treatment for Hypothyroidism

Answer 49

life time synthetic thyroid