endo 2

Question 1

Nodular Goiter histologically consist of

Answer 1

follicles that vary in size and shape and are usually filled with colloid

Question 2

between nodules storm consist of

Answer 2

vessels and collagen fibers infiltrated with lymphs and macrophages

Question 3

what is euthyroid

Answer 3

do not cause hyper or hypothyroidism

most goiters are this

Question 4

symptoms of goiters are related to

Answer 4

compression of adjacent structures examples are coughing and hoarseness secondary to compression on the larynx or recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 5

Thyroid Neoplasms are mostly

Answer 5

benign and rare

Question 6

describe Thyroid Adenomas

Answer 6

The most common benign tumor.
Presents as a nodule that is well encapsulated with fibrous tissue, and composed of thyroid follicles, most small nodules do not require any treatment

Question 7

Thyroid Carcinomas originate from

Answer 7

follicular cells, except Medullary carcinoma

Question 8

what cancer accounts for 80% of al thyroid cancers?

Answer 8

papillary carcinoma

Question 9

describe papillary carcinomas

Answer 9

It is a low-grade malignant lesion
hormonally inactive
occurs early in life 
peak incidence in the 3rd to 5th decades.
80%  10  yrs. survival rate

Question 10

where do papillary carcinomas tend to metastasize to

Answer 10

local lymph nodes but this only occurs late in disease

Question 11

Medullary Carcinoma are derived from

Answer 11

Parafollicular C-Cells

Question 12

Parafollicular C-Cells produce

Answer 12

calcitonin to regulate calcium

Question 13

Medullary Carcinoma histologically

Answer 13

round neuroendocrine cells in groups to nest

stoma contain amyloid

Question 14

Anaplastic Carcinoma histologically

Answer 14

undifferentiated, large or small tumor cells that bear no resemblance to normal thyroid cells

Question 15

which is rare tumor with an extremely poor prognosis with most patients dying within one year of diagnosis

Answer 15

Anaplastic Carcinoma

Question 16

Cushing syndrome is caused by

Answer 16

adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia

Question 17

hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary adenomas may cause

Answer 17

hypercortisolism

Question 18

adrenocortical tumors cause

Answer 18

hypersecretion of corticosteroids

Question 19

Adrenocortical tumors are yellow because

Answer 19

high lipid content

Question 20

most common cause of Cushing’s Syndrome is the administration

Answer 20

exogenous steroid hormones, which are commonly used for the treatment of various immune disorders, renal disease, and many skin disorders
therefore tapering off of steroid treatment should stop Cushing’s

Question 21

Addison’s disease is characterized bu infiltration of what and to where?
what is it then replaced bu

Answer 21

lymphocytes and plasma cells in the cortex that is later replaced by fibrous tissue or fat cells

Question 22

Clinically presentation of Addison’s Disease

Answer 22

fatigue, weight loss, nausea and hypotension

Question 23

Pheochromocytoma are neoplasms of the adrenal medulla that

Answer 23

synthesize and release Catecholamines causing a surgically correctable HTN

Question 24

Paragangliomas

Answer 24

Pheochromocytoma that arise from a different site

Question 25

Pheochromocytoma metastases

Answer 25

regional lymph nodes and distant sites, such as liver, lungs and bone.

Question 26

a patient is abruptly hypertension, which classically, tachycardic, is experiencing palpitations, H/A, sweating, and tremors, they also note N/V, abdominal, and chest pain what are you suspicious of

Answer 26

Pheochromocytoma

Question 27

in Pheochromocytoma why are patients hypertensive

Answer 27

induced by release of catecholamines, which may be sudden this may also lead to pulmonary edema, an MI, V fibrillation, CVA, and congestive heart failure

Question 28

in contrast to catecholamines some Pheochromocytoma may secrete

Answer 28

other hormones such as ACTH or somatostatin

Question 29

Pheochromocytoma treatment

Answer 29

surgical excision after pre-operative and intraoperative medication with adrenergic blocking agents

Question 30

Pheochromocytoma diasnosis

Answer 30

presence free catecholamines and their metabolites, such as Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA’s) and Metanephrines in urineat an increased level

Question 31

Conn’s Syndrome clinical presentation

Answer 31

retention of sodium and water loss of potassium resulting is hypertension

Question 32

Conn’s Syndrome treatment

Answer 32

surgery

Question 33

hypernatremic hypokalemic hypertension describes what syndrome

Answer 33

conn's syndrome

Question 34

conn's syndrome caused by

Answer 34

rare disease that is typically caused by an adenoma of the Zona Glomerulosa (70%), or cortical hyperplasia (30%)

Question 35

what stimulates aldosterone secretion and what does over simulation cause?

Answer 35

stimulated by angiotensin from elevated renin levels | cause secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 36

which cells release renin

Answer 36

J-G cells of the kidney

Question 37

how to determine whether hyperaldosteronism is caused by renal or adrenal disease

Answer 37

blood test measurements of renin and aldosterone

Question 38

adrenogenital Syndrome is usually found in

Answer 38

females who experience virilization (male pattern hair growth)

Question 39

In neonates adrenogenital Syndrome is related to one of several inborn errors of steroid metabolism, such as what?

Answer 39

21-hydroxylase deficiency which causes an overproduction of testosterone

Question 40

how does the external female genitalia appear in adrenogenial syndrome

Answer 40

enlargement of the clitoris and partial fusion of the labioscrotal folds sometimes reared as males

Question 41

adrenogenial syndrome in adult women presents as

Answer 41

virilization, hirsuitism, deepening of the voice, and loss of menstruation

Question 42

treatment of adrenogenial syndrome usually involves

Answer 42

surgical resection of hyperfunctioning tumors but depends on undying condition

Question 43

Adrenocortical Hypofunction usually is a consequence of

Answer 43

adrenal destruction to slowing (destruction of the adrenocortex by an autoimmune disease such as Addison's)

Question 44

Waterhouse-Freidreichsen’s Syndrome causes

Answer 44

adrenal destruction

Question 45

infections that destroy the adrenals and what do they cause

Answer 45

TB or Histo causing Adrenocortical Hypofunction

Question 46

metastatic malignancies that destroy the adrenals and what do they cause

Answer 46

lung and breast cancer causing Adrenocortical Hypofunction