Endo

Question 1

anterior pituitary releases

Answer 1

ACTH
TSH
GH
FSH
LH
prolactin

Question 2

posterior pituitary releases

Answer 2

oxytocin
ADH

Question 3

what stimulates the pituitary gland

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

where is cortisol released from

Answer 4

adrenal gland

Question 5

what does growth hormone cause release of

Answer 5

IGF-1

Question 6

how does PTH act on bones1

Answer 6

increases osteoclast activity
this causes calcium to be released from the bones to the blood

Question 7

3 actions of PTH

Answer 7

1. increase bone osteoclast activity
2. increase kidney calcium reabsorption
3. increase small intestine calcium absorbtion

Question 8

how does PTH increase calcium absorption from the small intestines?

Answer 8

convert vitamin D to calcitriol

Question 9

describe renin angiotensin aldosterone axis

Answer 9

1. low bp causes renin release
2. renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I in liver
3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lungs by ACE
4. angiotensin II stimulates causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone

Question 10

where is renin released from

Answer 10

afferent arteriole of kidney

Question 11

where is angiotensin converted to angiotensin I

Answer 11

liver

Question 12

where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II

Answer 12

lungs

Question 13

where is aldosterone released from

Answer 13

adrenal glands

Question 14

what does aldosterone do in kidney

Answer 14

increases sodium reabsorption
increases potassium excretion
increases H+ excretion

Question 15

primary hyperthyroidism causes

Answer 15

graves
de quervains
solitary toxic nodule
toxic multinodular goitre

Question 16

primary hypothyroidism causes

Answer 16

hashimotos
iodine deficiency
over treatment of hyperthyroidism

Question 17

how is iodine used by the thyroid

Answer 17

it is used to make thyroid hormones

Question 18

what does uptake of iodine by thyroid suggest

Answer 18

active cells that are producing thyroid hormones

Question 19

what thyroid issue is pretibial myxoedema associated with

Answer 19

graves disease

Question 20

what hand sign is seen in graves disease

Answer 20

thyroid acropachy- finger swelling and clubbing

Question 21

what might use of carbimazole cause

Answer 21

acute pancreatitis
agranulocytosis

Question 22

how long after radioiodine can you get pregnant

Answer 22

6 months if lady
4 months if man

Question 23

thyroid antibodies

Answer 23

anti thyroid peroxidase
anti thyroglobulin
anti TSH receptor

Question 24

most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing world

Answer 24

iodine deficiency

Question 25

how does lithium affect the thyroid

Answer 25

hypothyroidism

Question 26

causes of reduced pituitary function

Answer 26

tumor surgery radiotherapy sheehans

Question 27

in what causes of hypothyrodism can you get goitre

Answer 27

hashimotos (initial phase) iodine deficiency

Question 28

how often is levothyroxine dose checked

Answer 28

every 4 weeks

Question 29

what steroids are high in cushings

Answer 29

glucocorticoids

Question 30

what are the 2 types of corticosteroid hormones

Answer 30

glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids

Question 31

when what form of cushings syndrome do you get hyperpigmentation

Answer 31

cushings disease- due to too high ACTH

Question 32

most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 32

bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

Question 33

what is secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 33

excess renin due to renal artery stenosis heart failure liver cirrhosis and ascites

Question 34

interpretation of renin:aldosterone

Answer 34

low renin high aldosterone= primary hyperalodsteronism high renin high aldosterone= secondary hyperaldosteronism

Question 35

ix for hyperalosteronism

Answer 35

CT/MRI to look for adrenal hyperplasia or tumor renal artery imaging to look for stenosis adrenal vein sampling to see which adrenal is making more aldosterone

Question 36

moa spironolactone

Answer 36

aldosterone antagonist

Question 37

there is loss of what hormones in adrenal insufficiency

Answer 37

cortisol aldosterone

Question 38

what happens to glucose in adrenal insufficiency

Answer 38

low

Question 39

what happens to calcium in adrenal insufficiency

Answer 39

high

Question 40

what medications replace cortisol and aldosterone in adrenal insufficiency

Answer 40

hydrocortisone replaces cortisol fludrocortisone replaces aldosterone

Question 41

what type of steroid hormone is aldosterone

Answer 41

mineralocorticoid

Question 42

what type of steroid hormone is cortisol

Answer 42

glucocorticoid

Question 43

steroid sick day rules for addisons

Answer 43

double the dose of replacement steroids

Question 44

adrenal crisis mx

Answer 44

A-E IV 100mg hydrocortisone IV dextrose IV fluids