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Haem Flashcards

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1
Q

what cells do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

B/T/NK cells

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2
Q

platelets are made from

A

megkaryoctes

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3
Q

RBCs mature from

A

reticulocytes

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4
Q

macrophages mature from

A

monocytes

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5
Q

haemtopoietic stem cells can become what types of stem cell

A

myeloid
lymohoid
dendritic

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6
Q

target cells are seen in

A

IDA
post splenectomy

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7
Q

heinz bodies are seen in

A

G6PD deficiency
alpha thalassaemia

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8
Q

what is a heinz body

A

denatured haemoglobin as an inclusion in an RBC

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9
Q

howell jolly bodies are seen in

A

sickle cell anaemia
splenectomy
severe anaemia

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10
Q

what is a howell jolly body

A

an RBC with DNA material inside

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11
Q

howell jolly bodies are normally removed by the

A

spleen

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12
Q

shistocytes are seen in

A

MAHA
metallic valve replacement

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13
Q

causes of MAHA

A

DIC
HUS
TTP

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14
Q

smudge cells are seen in

A

CLL

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15
Q

siderblasts are seen in

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

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16
Q

spherocytes are seen in

A

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
hereditary spherocytosis

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17
Q

microcytic anaemia acronym

A

TAILS

thalassaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
IDA
lead poisoning
siderblastic anaemia

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18
Q

normocytic anaemia acronym

A

2As, 2Hs

acute blood loss
anaemic of chronic disease
aplastic
haemolytic
hypothyroidism

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19
Q

koilonychia suggests

A

IDA

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20
Q

signs of IDA on examination

A

koilonychia
angular chellitis
atrophic glossitis
brittle hair and nails

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21
Q

hypothyroidism causes what type of anaemia

A

normocytic or macrocytic

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22
Q

what GI ix would you do for unexplained IDA

A

colonoscopy
OGD

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23
Q

most common cause of IDA in adults

A

blood loss eg menorrhagia, bleeding ulcer, colon cancer

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24
Q

what anaemia causes pica

A

IDA

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25
where is most iron absorbed
duodenum and jejunum
26
what is TIBC
how much space there is on transferrin for iron to bind to
27
when is ferritin raised
inflammation its an acute phase protein
28
what does transferrin saturation indicate
how much total iron there is in the body high= a lot low= less
29
transferrin saturation in IDA
low
30
what medications cause reduced b12 absorption
PPIs metformin
31
pernicious anaemia is due to antibodies against
parietal cells OR intrinsic factor
32
where is intrinsic factor produced
by parietal cells
33
what antibodies are more helpful in diagnosing pernicious anaemia
IF
34
how is b12 replaced in pernicious anaemia
IM hydroxycobalamin no neuro sx= 3 x weekly for 2 weeks neuro sx= alternate days until sx stop improving pernicious anaemia= 2/3 monthly injections for life
35
b12 and folate deficiency which is corrected first
b12 otherwise there may be subacute combined degneration of the spinal cord
36
what organ is enlarged in haemolytic anaemia and why
spleen it becomes full of destroyed RBCs
37
hereditary spherocytosis inheritance
autosomal dominant
38
hereditary spherocytosis mx
folate supplementsation blood transfusion splenectomy
39
G6PD deficiency inheritance
x linked recessive
40
what medications trigger G6PD haemolytic crises
ciprofloxacin sulfonylureas sulfasalazine
41
G6PD deficiency diagostic test
enzyme assay
42
what is alloimmune haemolytic anaemia
due to foreign antibodies
43
paroxsymal nocturnal haemoglobinuria pathophysiology
mutation occurs during lifetime (not inherited) loss of proteins on surface of RBCs that inhibit the complement cascade, so its activated and RBCs are destroyed
44
paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria mx
eculizimab
45
thalassaemia inheritance
autosomal recessive
46
what type of anaemia does thalassaemia result in
microcytic anamia
47
beta thalassaemia minor/intermedia/major genes
minor= one faulty one normal intermedia= two faulty or one faulty one deletion major= two deletion
48
thalassaemia major facial changes
frontal bossing (prominent forehead) enlarged maxilla depressed nasal bridge protruding upper teeth
49
sickle cell anaemia inheritance
autosomal recessive
50
sickle cell anaemia what gene is affected
beta globin
51
what prophylactic antibiotic is used in sickle cell anaemia
penicillin V
52
what medication can be given in sickle cell anaemia to encourage HbF synthesis
hydroxycarbamide
53
what leukaemia is associated with down syndrome
ALL
54
richters transformation is associated with what leukaemia
CLL
55
philadelphia chromosome is associated with what leukaemia
CML
56
auer rods are associated with what leukaemia
AML
57
transformation from a myeloproliferative disoder causes what leukaemia
AML
58
petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis sizes
petechiae= <3mm purpura= 3-10mm ecchymosis= >1cm
59
suspected leukaemia what icx should be done and in what timframe
FBC within 48 hrs immediate specialist assessment if child
60
what cells are seen on film in CLL
smudge or smear cells
61
CML disease course
3 phases chronic blast accelerated
62
philadelphia chromosome
associated with CML translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 created BCRABL1 gene this codes for abnormal tyrosine kinase
63
electrolyte abnormalities in tumor lysis syndrome
high uric acid high potassium high phosphate low calcium

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