Endo 2

Question 1

normal blood glucose concentration

Answer 1

4.4-6.1

Question 2

criteria for diagnosis of DKA

Answer 2

glucose >11
ketones >3
ph <7.3

Question 3

how are fluids given in DKA

Answer 3

1 litre in first hour
then 1 litre every 2 hours

Question 4

how is insulin given in DKA

Answer 4

fixed rate IV infusion at 0.1 units/kg/hr

Question 5

when is a glucose infusion started in DKA

Answer 5

when glucose falls to <14 mmol/L

Question 6

what is the normal maximum rate for insulin infusion

Answer 6

10 mmol/hour

Question 7

macrovascular complications of diabetes

Answer 7

stroke
hypertension
CAD
peripheral ischaemia

Question 8

microvascular complications of diabetes

Answer 8

peripheral neuropathy
retinopathy
kidney disease

Question 9

what skin change is seen in type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

acanthosis nigricans- darkening and thickening of the skin at the neck axilla and groin

associated with insulin resistance

Question 10

pre diabetes HbA1c

Answer 10

42-47 mmol/L

Question 11

how often is HbA1c monitored in T2DM

Answer 11

every 3-6 months until stable

Question 12

when are GLP-1 mimetics used in T2DM

Answer 12

when triple therapy fails and BMI>35

Question 13

metformin moa

Answer 13

increases insulin sensitivity
decreases glucose production

Question 14

main 2 side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors

Answer 14

increased UTIs and thrush
DKA

Question 15

SGLT-2 inhibitor moa

Answer 15

reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney

Question 16

pioglitazone moa

Answer 16

increases insulin sensitivity
decreases liver production of glucose

Question 17

sulfonylurea moa

Answer 17

stimulate insulin release from pancreas

Question 18

side effects of sulfonylureas

Answer 18

weight gain
hypoglycaemia

Question 19

what is GLP-1 and what does it do

Answer 19

an incretin

they increase insulin release, inhibit glucagon production

Question 20

what does DPP4 do

Answer 20

inhibit incretins like GLP-1

Question 21

side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

Answer 21

headaches
acute pancreatitis

Question 22

rapid acting insulin lasts

Answer 22

4 hrs

Question 23

short acting insulin lasts

Answer 23

8 hours

Question 24

long acting insulin lasts

Answer 24

24 hrs or longer

Question 25

start ACEi in diabetic patients with CKD when their albumin:creatinine is

Answer 25

>3 mg/mmol

Question 26

start SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetic patients with CKD when their albumin:creatinine is

Answer 26

>30 mg/mmoL

Question 27

what is used for gastroparesis in diabetes

Answer 27

domperidone metoclopramide

Question 28

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state glucose level

Answer 28

>33

Question 29

what pituitary disorder is carpal tunnel often associated with

Answer 29

acromegaly

Question 30

somatostatin analogue example

Answer 30

ocreotide

Question 31

dopamine agonist example

Answer 31

bromocriptine cabergoline

Question 32

hypercalcaemia symptoms

Answer 32

bones stones (kidney) groans (abdo- nausea, vomiting, constipation) moans (psychiatric- fatigue, depression, psychosis)

Question 33

management of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 33

parathyroidectomy

Question 34

what electrolyte does SIADH cause

Answer 34

euvolemic hyponatraemia

Question 35

urine osmolality in SIADH

Answer 35

high

Question 36

SIADH symptoms

Answer 36

headache fatigue muscle cramps confusion

Question 37

what medications cause SIADH

Answer 37

SSRIs carbemazepine

Question 38

causes of SIADH

Answer 38

small cell lung cancer SSRIs post op lung infections brain pathology (stroke, meningitis, head injury) HIV

Question 39

SIADH mx

Answer 39

fluid restriction vasopressin receptor antagonists (tolvaptan)

Question 40

what complication occurs if sodium is corrected too quickly

Answer 40

osmotic demyelination/central pontine demyelination

Question 41

how does tolvaptan work

Answer 41

blocks ADH receptors

Question 42

what type of diabetes insipidus does lithium cause

Answer 42

nephrogenic

Question 43

what test is used to diagnose diabetes insipidus

Answer 43

water deprivation test

Question 44

how is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus treated

Answer 44

thiazide diuretics

Question 45

how is adrenaline secreted by a phaeo

Answer 45

in bursts usually

Question 46

what are metanephrines

Answer 46

a breakdown product of adrenaline

Question 47

alpha blocker examples

Answer 47

phenoxybenzamine doxazosin