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endo Flashcards

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1
Q

layers of adrenal Cx

A

GFR, the deeper you go the sweeter it gets

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2
Q

what is the most common adrenal medulla tumor in adults?

A

pheo

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3
Q

what is the most common adrenal medulla tumor in kids?

A

neuroblastoma

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4
Q

ant pit

A 
adenohypophysis 
FLAT-PiG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
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5
Q

which ant pit hormones are acidophils

A

GH and prolactin

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6
Q

which ant pit hormones are basophils?

A 
B-FLAT
basophils
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
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7
Q

what is ant pit derived from

A

Rathke pouch - oral ectoderm

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8
Q

intermediate lobe of pit

A

grouped w/ant

secreted MSH

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9
Q

post pit

A

neurohypophysis
vasopressein/ADH (from supraoptic)
oxytocin (from paraventricular)

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10
Q

what is post pit derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

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11
Q

endocrine pancreas cells

A

alpha- glucagon (peripheral)
beta- insulin (central)
delat- somatostatin

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12
Q

insulin sysnthesis

A

preproinsulin synth in RER
cleavage -> proinsulin
cleavage -> exo of both insulin and C-peptide

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13
Q

insulin R

A

tyrosine kinase -> increased PI3 and RAS/MAP for TFs

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14
Q

insulin effects

A 
increased glucose into mm and adipose
increase glyocogen synth
increased TG synth
increased Na retention 
increaed protein synth
increased cellular uptake of K and aa
decreased glucagon 
does not cross placenta
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15
Q

GLUT-4

A

adipose and striated mm
insulin dependent
exercise increases expression

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16
Q

GLUT-1

A

RBCs, brain, cornea

insulin independent

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17
Q

GLUT-2

A 
beta cells
liver
kidney
small intestines
bidirectional
insulin independent
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18
Q

GLUT-3

A

brain

insulin independent

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19
Q

GLUT-5

A

spermatocytes
GI
fructose
insulin independent

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20
Q

what inhibits glucagon

A

insulin
hyperglycemia
somatostatin

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21
Q

CRH overview

A

increases ACTH, MSH, and beta-endorphin

decreased in chronic exogenous steroid use

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22
Q

Dopamine overview

A

decreases prolactin

dopamine antagonists can cause galactorhea

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23
Q

GHRN overview

A

increased GH

analog (Tesaorelin) used to Tx HIV-associated lipodystrophy

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24
Q

GnRH overview

A

increased FSH, LH
regulated by porlactin
tonic GnRH supresses HPA
pulsatile causes puberty and fertility

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25
Prolactin overview
decreased GnRH | pit prolactinoma -> amenorrhea, osteoporosis, hypogonadism, galactorhea
26
somatostatin overview
decreased GH, TSH | analogs used to Tx acromegaly
27
TRH overview
increased TSH, prolactin
28
prolactin fnx
secreted from ant pit stimulates milk production inhibitis ovulation and permatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH excessive amounts decrease libido
29
regulation of prolactin
tonically inhibited by dopamine from hypothalamus prolactin inhibits itself by increases dopamine TRH increases prolactin
30
dopamine agonists
bromocriptine | inhibits prolactin secretion
31
dopamine antagonists
antiphyschotics and Estrogens | stimulate prolactin secretion
32
GH aka
somatotropin
33
GH fnx
ant pit stimulates linear growth and mm mass via IGF-1 (somatomedin C) increased insulin resistance
34
regulation of GH
pulses in response to GHRH secretion increased during exercise and sleep inhibited by glucose and somatostatin
35
ghrelin
stimulates hunger (orexigenic effect) and GH release produced by stomach increased w/sleep loss and Prader-Willi syndrome
36
leptin
satiety hormone produced by adipose mutation -> congenital obesity sleep deprivation -> increased leptin
37
ADH fnx
``` synth by hypothalamus supraoptic nuclei released by post pit regulates serum osmolarity via V2Rs regulated BP via V1Rs increased aquaporin Ch insertion in renal collecting duct ```
38
Desmopressin
ADH analog Tx of central DI
39
17alpha hydroxylase deficiency
``` increases mineralcorticoids decreased cortisol decreased sex hormones increased BP decreased K decreased androdtenedione ```
40
male presentation of 17alpha hydroxylase deficiency
pseudo-hermaphroditism
41
female presentation of 17alpha hydroxylase deficiency
lack secondary sex characteristics
42
21- hydroxylase deficiency
``` MC decreased mineralcorticoids decreased cortisol increased sex hormones decreased BP increased K increased renin increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone ```
43
21- hydroxylase deficiency presentation
infants w/salt wasting childhood precocrious puberty XX- virulization no virulization of prego mom
44
11 beta hydroxylase deficiency
``` decreased aldosterone increased 11-deoxycorticosterone decreased cortisol increaed sex hormones increased BP decreased K decreased renin XX virulization ```
45
11 beta hydroxylase deficiency presentation
XX virulization | no virulization of prego mom
46
cortisol source
from adrenal zona fasiculata | bound to corticosteroid binding globulin
47
cortisol fnx
BIG FIB increased BP increased Insulin resistance increased Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis decreased Fibroblasts decreased inflammatory and Immune responses decreased bone formation
48
cortisol and increased BP
upregulated alpha-1 Rs | at high concentrations can bind mineralcorticoids Rs
49
cortisol and fibroblasts
striaw
50
cortisol and immune system
inhibits production of leukotrienes and PGs inhibits WBC adhesion blocks H2 release from mast cells reduces eos blocks IL-2 exogenous corticosteroids can reactivate TB and candidiasis via IL-2 blockade
51
cortisol and bone
inhibits osteoblasts
52
cortisol regulation
CRH -> ACTH -> cortisol | excess cortisol -> decreased CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion
53
PTH regulation
decreased Ca -> increased PTH decreased Phos -> increased PTH decreased Mg -> increased PTH very decreased Mg -> decreased PTH
54
common cause of decreased Mg
diarrhea aminoglycosides diuretics alcohol abuse
55
which hormones act via cAMP
``` FLAT ChAMP FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH calcintonin GHRH glucagon ```
56
which hormones act via cGMP?
ANP BNP NO
57
which hormones act via IP3
``` GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH (V1) TRH H1R Angiotensin II Gastin ```
58
which hormones act via intracellular Rs
``` VETTT CAP vit D E T T3/4 Cortisol Aldosterone Progesterone ```
59
which hormones act via intrinsic tyrosine kinase
``` insulin IGF-1 FGF PFG PDGF EGF ```
60
which hormones act via R-associated TK?
``` PIGGlET Prolactin Immunomodulators GH G-CSF Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin ```
61
T3/4 source
contain I follicles of thyroid T3 formed in target tissues
62
T3/4 fnx
``` 4B's Brain maturation Bone growth Beta adrenergic effects BMR increased ```
63
what decreases TGB
hepatic failure, steroids
64
what increases TGB?
prego OCP E
65
regulation of TH
TRH -> TSH -> stimulates follicles -> T4 | neg feedback by free T3/T4 to ant pit decreased sensitivity to TRH
66
wolff-chaikoff effect
excess I -> temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase -> decreased T3/4
67
peroxidase
oxidation and organification of I | coupling of MIT and DIT
68
PTU
inhibits both peroxidase and 5' deiodinase
69
methimazole
inhibits peroxidase only

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