endo

Question 1

• All glandular tissue derived from?
• contains specialized cells that?

Answer 1

• embryologically derived from epithelium
• glandular epithelium contains specialized cells that synthesize, store and secrete chemical substances

Question 2

Exocrine vs Endocrine glands

Answer 2

• Exocrine: release secretions into ducts that carry secretions to the body surface
• sweat, mammary, salivary
• Endocrine: ductless, hormones are released into bloodstream that will bind only to garget cells with receptors

Question 3

Endocrine Glands: release secetions into? then to? then to? ex?

Answer 3

• released into sinusoids (large, extracellular spaces)
• sinusoids pass secretions to capillaries
• circulatory system carries secretions to intended target site (as well as rest of body(
• thyroid, pituitary, adrenal/suprarenal

Question 4

Endocrine System: collection of …that? integrates? functions together with?

Question 5

Neuroendocrinology: brain/hormones? similarities between nerve and gland cells?

Question 6

Nervous vs Endocrine system: responses

Answer 6

• NS: responses are highly specific and act over the short term
• ES: responses that affect many different tissues and organs simultaneously, and act over a longer duration

Question 7

NS vs ES: responses generated by? signals are?

Answer 7

• NS: by neurons, signals are electrical impulses conducted along axons
• chemical messengers conduct impulse between neurons
• ES: hormones, signals are chemical substances released by endocrine glands
• circulate in bloodstream throughout the body

Question 8

What is a hormone? produced by? travels? acts on?

Answer 8

• chemical messenger
• produced and secreted by endocrine cell/tissue
• travels through circulatory system to reach other tissues
• acts upon specific target cells w/i tissue

Question 9

Hormones: bind to? what determines response? sensitivity?

Answer 9

• hormones bind to specific cellular receptors
• presence/absence of receptor determines cell’s response to homrone
• changing number of receptors changes cell’s sensitivity to the hormone

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Pituitary Gland - ant vs post aka? gland or not?

Answer 11

• Anterior lobe = adenohypophysis
• true gland
• Posterior lobe = neurohypophysis
• extensions of hypothalamus

Question 12

Ant Pit: 7 hormones?

Answer 12

1. Human Growth Hormone, hGH: stimulates body growth and metabolism
2. TSH: controls thyroid gland function
3. FSH, LH: control secretion of sex hormones, production of gametes
4. Prolactin: milk production, sexual gratification, frowth factor
5. Adrenocorticotropic ACTH: controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex
6. Melanocyte MSH: stimulates melanin secretion

Question 13

Posterior Pit: 2 hormones?

Answer 13

1. ADH, antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin: regulates urine concentration, regulates blood pressure

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Control of Hormone Release: ant pit? post pit?

Answer 15

• hypothalamus secreates releasing hypophyseotropic factors that act on cells of the ant pit
• hormones of the post pit are produced in the supraoptica dn paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus: these neurons extend inferiorly to end at the post pit, releasing oxytocin and ADH

Question 16

Production of Thyroid Hormones - precursor? iodine? conversion? secretion?

Answer 16

• follicle cells secrete hormone precursor thyroglobulin into follicle cavity (colloid)
• iodine is attached to thyroglobulin in cavity
• when stimulated by TSH, follicle cells convert thyroglobulin into T4 and T3
• follicle cells secrete T3/4 into connective tissue between follicles
• hormones picked up by capillaries
• hyroid homrones regulate metabolism

Question 17

Parafollicular Cells (Thyroid) - aka? produce? function?

Answer 17

• “next to” follicle cells - C cells - C thyrocytes
• produce calcitonin
• function in calicum regulation: decrease conc in body fuilds

Question 18

Calcitonin

Question 19

Parathyroid glands - where? secrete? function

Answer 19

• 4 embedded in thyroid
• parathyroid hormone, calcium regulation

Question 20

Parathyroid hormone - from where? does what?

Answer 20

• parathyroid gland
• increases Ca in body fluids
• decreases Ca deposition in bone: so gets osteoclasts to break down bone
• reduces urinary excretion of Ca

Question 21

Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands - cortex vs medulla?

Answer 21

• cortex = outside, from epithelium
• medulla< inside, autonomic ganglion derived from neural tissue (like post pit)

Question 22

Adrenal Cortex - 3 hormones?

Answer 22

• mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
• glucocorticoids: cortisol
• androgens

Question 23

Mineralocorticoids - from where? ex? does what?

Answer 23

• from adrenal cortex
• aldosterone
• increases renal absorption of Na and H2O
• decreases renal abosrption of K

Question 24

Glucocorticoids - from where? ex? does what?

Answer 24

• from adrenal cortex, cortisol
• stimulates protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
• anti inflammatory

Question 25

Androgens - from where? does what?

Answer 25

* adrenal cortex * stimulates frowth of axillary and pubic hair * stimulates libido

Question 26

Epi and Norepi - from where? does what?

Answer 26

* adrenal medulla * aka adrenaline, noradrenaline (also neuroT) * flight or fight response * increase cardia output, blood pressure * increase blood glucose for energy * effect release of lipds from adipose tissue

Question 27

Pancreas - two types of glands? 3 cell types and secretions?

Answer 27

* mostly exocrine, some endocrine islets * alpha for glucagon * beta for insulin, most abundant * delta for somatostatin

Question 28

Glucagon - from? does what?

Answer 28

* pancreas * stimulates glucose synthesis * elevates blood glucose * mobilizes lipid reserves

Question 29

Insulin - from ? does what?

Answer 29

* pancreas * stimulates lipi and glycogen synthesis and storage * stimulates glucose uptake by cells * decreaes blood glucose levels

Question 30

Somatostatin - from? what?

Answer 30

* pancreas: like a switch * inhibits production and secretion of both glucagon and insulin

Question 31

Diabetes Mellitus - inability to ? 2 signs? result in ? two types %?

Answer 31

* inability to produce or use insulin * elevation of blood glucose levels aka hyperglycemia, excretion of glucose in urine * results in cardiovasular problems, vision problems * type I - 10% * type II - 90%

Question 32

Type I - what? insulin levels/dependency? age?

Answer 32

* autoimmune disease that destroys insulin secreting cells of islets * marked reduction of insulin levels * insulin dependent diabetes * any age, but more common 5 - 20

Question 33

Type II - combination of? what's wrong? insulin dependency? correlation with? management?

Answer 33

* combination of insulin resistance and insulin secretory defects * target cells become less sensitive to insulin: can't use the insulin you make because of resistance - downregulation of receptors * non-insulin dependent diabetes * correlates with age and obesity * diet, exercise, weight loss

Question 34

Pineal Gland - role? secretion?

Answer 34

* unclear physiological role * secretes melatonin: regulates biological clock * increases during night, decreases during day * sleep wake cycle - cicadian rhythm

Question 35

Thymus - where? function?

Answer 35

* mediastium, just posterior to sternum * produces T-lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity * secretes thymic hormones: promote proliferation and maturation of T-lymphoctes

Question 36

Gastrointestinal Tract hormones

Answer 36

* over 20 different hormones * regulate activity of GI tract and digestive glands * most act locally

Question 37

Kidney hormones

Answer 37

* erythropoeitin: increases RBC production * renin: increases blood pressure

Question 38

Heart hormones

Answer 38

* atrial natriuretic peptide: made in wall of atria, counteracts renin * decreases blood pressure by suppresing ADH, aldosterone so stimulates water/salt loss at kidneys

Question 39

Adipose Tissue hormone

Answer 39

* leptins * appetite suppressant