Tissues Part 2

Question 1

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Answer 1

inverse of epithelium: relatively few cells, but abundance of extracellular matrix

Question 2

Connective Tissue Matrix (2)

Answer 2

Ground substance (a highly hydrated gel like Jello which doesn’t have much tensile strength but a lot of compressive strength). Fibers (with a lot of tensile strength so will resist when pulled).

Question 3

Fibers in Connective Tissue Matrix (3)

Answer 3

Collagen: forms bundles that provide tensile strength. Reticular: forms branching network that supports cells, like little collagens that branch. Elastic - thin branching fibers that function like rubber bands.

Question 4

Classification of Connective Tissue based on…

Answer 4

density of fibers, types of fibers, and preponderance of specific cell type

Question 5

Mesenchyme

Answer 5

Connective Tissue found in developing embryo: consists of ground substance and cells (no fibres in matrix) - remain as stem cells in adult tissue

Question 6

Loose Connective Tissue properties

Answer 6

abundance of ground substance or cells and relatively few fibres - such as adipose connective tissue - so lots of matrix or cells

Question 7

3 divisions of connective tissue

Answer 7

Connective Tissue Proper. Fluid Connective Tissues. Supporting Connective Tissues.

Question 8

2 Types of Connective tissue proper

Answer 8

Loose - fibers create loose open framework. Dense - fibers densely packed.

Question 9

2 types of fluid connective tissues

Answer 9

blood - contained in circulatory system. Lymph - in lymphatic system

Question 10

Supporting Connective Tissues - 2 types

Answer 10

cartilage - solid rubbery matrix. Bone - solid, crystalline matrix. Note: cartilage is incompressable because extracellular matrix binds to lots of water, but is flexible

Question 11

Areolar Connective Tissue

Answer 11

Loose CT, CT proper: most common connective tissue, links together other tissues and organs throughout body

Question 12

Areolar Connective Tissue locations (6) and functions (3)

Answer 12

found: within and deep to the dermis of skin, covered by epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts, between muscles, around blood vessels, nerves and around joints. function: cushions organs, support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells are defense against pathogens

Question 13

Adipose Connective Tissue

Answer 13

Loose, Proper: fat tissue, forms deposits in specifc areas of the body, functions in padding, insulation and energy storage like in blubber in whales

Question 14

Adipose Tissue: Locations (1) Functions (3)

Answer 14

found beneath the skin especially at sides, buttocks, breasts, posterior to eyeballs, around kidneys. F: padding and cushions socks like in kidneys, insulates to reduce heat loss like blubber, stores energy

Question 15

Dense Connective Tissue properties

Answer 15

type of CT Proper: has abundance of fibers and relatively little ground substance and few cells - two types: regular and irregular

Question 16

Dense Irregular CT

Answer 16

fibers unaligned and run at a variety of angles so it can with stand force from any direction - forms dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles and nerves

Question 17

Dense Irregular CT Locations (3) and Functions (2)

Answer 17

L: capsules of visceral organs, dermis of skin, periostea and perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths. F: strength to resist forces applied from many directions, prevents over-expansion of organs like bladder

Question 18

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Answer 18

CT proper: fibers aligned in one direction so for forces in onlyone direction - forms tendons (muscles to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone) - always pulls in same direction for max strength

Question 19

Dense Regular Connective Tissue locations and Functions

Answer 19

L: between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons, aponeuroses) and between bones (ligaments) and covering sketal muscles, and deep fasciae. F: firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative positions of bones

Question 20

Membranes: composed of, found where

Answer 20

composed of epithelium and connective tissue, line surfaces, cavities and hollow organs

Question 21

Types of membranes (4)

Answer 21

Mucous (lines moist/wet like digestive tract). Serous. Cutaneous (only in skin). Synovial (in joints like in knee, secretes fluid to lubricate joint).

Question 22

Fluid CT - 2 types

Answer 22

Blood and Lymph

Question 23

Blood

Answer 23

Fluid CT: composed of blood cells and plasma, plasma forms the matrix

Question 24

Lymph

Answer 24

Fluid CT: composed of lymphocytes and lymph fluid, lymph fluid is a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

Question 25

Supporting CT

Answer 25

consists of cartilage and bond: extensive incompressible matrix, support soft tissues of body

Question 26

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Answer 26

elongated cells, specialized to contract and generate forces

Question 27

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 27

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 28

Skeletal MT

Answer 28

attaches to bones, striated (shows pattern of bands, striped) and voluntary contraction

Question 29

Cardiac MT

Answer 29

found only in heart, striated which reflects organization of contralateral apparatus, involuntary contraction

Question 30

smooth MT

Answer 30

associated with viscera aka internal organs, non striated, involuntary contraction

Question 31

Skeletal Muscle Locations and Functions

Answer 31

L: combined with CT and NT in skeletal muscles such as leg or arm muscles. F: moves/stabilizes articulated skeleton, guards entrance/exit to digestive and respiratory tract, exit to urinary tract, protects internal organs

Question 32

Skeletal Muscle description

Answer 32

long, cylindrical, striated and multinucleated - exhibits distinct cross-banding pattern

Question 33

Cardiac Muscle: Location and Function

Answer 33

heart - circulates blood, maintains blood pressure aka hydrostatic pressure - specialized for continuous, rhythmic contraction

Question 34

Cardiac Muscle descrption

Answer 34

cells are short, branced striated and contain a single nucleus, connected with intercalated disks

Question 35

Smooth muscle description

Answer 35

cells are short, spindle shaped with a single nucleus, not striated

Question 36

Smooth muscle Locations

Answer 36

forms walls of blood vessels and hollow organs: found encircling blood vessels, in walls of digestive, respiratory, urinary and repro organs

Question 37

Smooth Muscle Functions

Answer 37

specialized for slow sustained contractions with very little ATP, no fatiguing: moves food/urine/repro tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways, regulates diameter of blood vessels, and contributes to regulation of tissue blood flow

Question 38

Nervous Tissue characteristics

Answer 38

highly asymmetrical cells with long cytoplasmic processes, transmit electrical signals via ionic conduction

Question 39

Classifaction of Connective Tissue

Answer 39

Question 40

Connective Tissue Structure: Fibroblasts

Answer 40

secrete ground substance and fibers - the big green blob

Question 41

CT structure: macrophage

Answer 41

ingest debris and function in immuni response - squiggly outline cell

Question 42

CT Structure: Adipocytes

Answer 42

fat cells: roundish blobs

Question 43

CT Structure Diagram

Answer 43

Question 44

Areolar CT Diagram

Answer 44

Question 45

Serous Membrane Diagram

Answer 45

Question 46

Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 46

Question 47

Synovial Membrane Diagram

Answer 47

Question 48

Mucous Membranes Diagram

Answer 48