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ANAT 200 > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

what makes up endocrine system

A
  1. glands

2. endocrine tissue

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2
Q

FUNCTIONS what are functions of endocrine system

A
  1. secrete hormones / chemical messengers into blood
  2. integrate activities of organs / organ system
  3. maintain homeostasis (w nervous system)
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3
Q

FUNCTIONS what is glandular epithelium composed of

A

specialized cells / endocrine cells

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4
Q

FUNCTIONS what is the function of specialized cells / endocrine cells

A
  1. synthesize hormones
  2. store hormones
  3. secrete hormones
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5
Q

FUNCTIONS what are 2 types of glands

A
  1. endocrine glands

2. exocrine glands

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS where do exocrine glands release secretions

A

ducts that lead to epithelial surface

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7
Q

FUNCTIONS where do endocrine glands release secretions

A

blood

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8
Q

HORMONES what is a hormone

A
  • chemical messenger tat - produced by endocrine cell
  • secreted by endocrine cell
  • travels through circulation to target tissue
  • acts of target cells within target tissue
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9
Q

HORMONES what is required for hormone to have effect on target tissue

A

ligand-receptor interaction

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10
Q

HORMONES what hormones are derived from proteins

A
  1. amino acid derivatives

2. peptide hormones

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11
Q

HORMONES what do peptide hormones contain

A

multiple aa

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12
Q

HORMONES what hormones are derived from lipids

A
  1. steroid hormones

2. eicosanoid hormones

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13
Q

HORMONES what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

HORMONES what are eicosanoid hormones derived from

A

fatty acids

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15
Q

HORMONES why might eicosanoid not be considered hormone

A

acts locally

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16
Q

THYROID where is thyroid gland located

A

anterior to trachea

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17
Q

THYROID what joins R and L thyroid gland

A

isthmus

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18
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what are follicular cells

A

T thyrocytes

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19
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES where are follicular cells located

A

outside of follicle

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20
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is function of follicular cell

A
  1. produce thyroglobulin
  2. store thyroglobulin in lumen of follicle
  3. pump iodine into lumen of follicle
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21
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what happens to iodine that is pumped into lumen of follicle

A

added to thyroglobulin

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22
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is thyroglobulin

A

hormone precursor

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23
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is colloid

A

protein-reich fluid in lumen

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24
Q

THYROID FOLLICLES what is the function of colloid

A

store thyroglobulin

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25
TSH what is the function of TSH
stimulate thyrocytes to remove Tg from lumen
26
TSH what happens when Tg removed from lumen
cleaved by lysosome
27
TSH what happens after Tg cleared by lysosome
T3 and T4 fragments go into blood
28
THYROID HORMONES what hormone class do thyroid hormones belong to
amino acid derivative hormones
29
THYROID HORMONES what are thyroid hormones
derivatives of tyrosine w added iodine
30
THYROID HORMONES what are 2 thyroid hormones
T3 and T4
31
THYROID HORMONES which thyroid hormone secreted more
T4
32
THYROID HORMONES which is more active thyroid hormone
T3
33
THYROID HORMONES what is the function of thyroid hormones
regulate metabolism
34
THYROID HORMONE REG how are T3 and T4 released
1. hypothalamus releases TRH 2. TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH 3. TSH stimulates thyroid glands to release Tg
35
THYROID HORMONE REG what happens when T3 and T4 levels become too high
feed back to inhibit hypothalamus from releasing TRH feedback to inhibit pituitary to from releasing TSH
36
PITUITARY where does pituitary gland sit
sella tutica
37
PITUITARY what is anterior lobe
adenohypophysis
38
PITUITARY what does adenohypophysis contain
epithelial cells
39
PITUITARY what is posterior lobe
neurohypohysis
40
PITUITARY what does neurohypophysis contain
nerve terminals
41
PITUITARY what is portal system
vein that connects capillary be in hypothalamus to capillary bed in anterior pituitary
42
PITUITARY what are neuro secretory cells
neurons in hypothalamus
43
PITUITARY where do axon terminals of neuro secretory cells terminate
primary capillary plexus
44
PITUITARY what happens when neuro secretory cells fire AP
1. AP travels to primary capillary plexus 2. AP travels to portal vein 3. AP travels to adenohypophysis (Secondary capillary plexus) 4. glandular cells release hormones 5. hormones travel through efferent veins
45
PITUITARY what is the function of superior hypophyseal artery
feed primary capillary plexus
46
PITUITARY where would TRH get released
primary capillary plexus
47
PITUITARY where would TSH get release
secondary capillary plexus
48
PITUITARY what are 7 anterior pituitary hormones
1. hCG 2. TSH 3. FSH 4. LH 5. prolactin 6. ACTH 7. MSH
49
PITUITARY what is the function of hCG (4)
1. stimulate growth 2. stimulate metabolism 3. stimulate protein synthesis 4. catabolize fat
50
PITUITARY what is the function of TSH
stimulate production of T3 and T4
51
PITUITARY what is the function of prolactin
stimulate mlk production
52
PITUITARY what is the function of ACTH (2)
1. regulate hormone secretion by adrenal cortex | 2. stimulate secretion of glucocoticoid (i.e. cortisol)
53
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what does neurohypophysis contain
capillary bed
54
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what neurosecretory cells innervate capillary bed of neurohypophysis
1. neurosecretory cells of supraoptic nucleus | 2. neurosecretory cells of paraventricular nucleus
55
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS what is pathway of AP
1. neruo secretory cells 2. neuro hypophysis (capillary bed) 3. efferent veins
56
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what hormones are secreted by posterior pituitary gland
1. oxytocin | 2. vasopressin / ADH
57
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what is the function of vasopressin (2)
1. regulate bp | 2. regulate urine concentration
58
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what makes ADH
neurons of supraoptic nucleus
59
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what is the function of oxytocin (2)
1. stimulate uterine muscle contraction | 2. stimulate release of milk from mammary glands
60
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES what makes oxytocin
neurons of paraventricular nucleus
61
SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS what is function of neuroendocrine neurons
synthesize ADH and CRH | release ADH and CRH
62
SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS what happens when ADH and CRH released
1. stimulate anterior pituitary to release ACTH | 2. ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
63
SLOW RESPONSE TO STRESS AXIS what happens when glucocorticoid levels become too high
- feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit release of CRH | - feedback to anterior pituitary to inhibit release of ACTH
64
ADRENAL GLAND where are adrenal glands located
on top of kidneys
65
ADRENAL GLAND what is medulla
inner portion
66
ADRENAL GLAND what is cortex
outer portion
67
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of cortex
store cholesterol for synthesis of steroid hormones
68
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of corticosteroid
homeostasis
69
ADRENAL GLAND what makes up cortex
1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasiculata 3. zona reticularis
70
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona glomerulosa
produce mineralocorticoids
71
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of mineralocorticoids
- control electrolyte balance | - control fluid balance
72
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona fasiculata
produce glucocorticoids (in response to ACTH)
73
ADRENAL GLAND what are glucocorticoids involved in
1. homeostasis | 2. stress
74
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of zona reticularis
produce androgens
75
ADRENAL GLAND what is the function of androgens
1. stimulate armpit hair growth | 2. stimulate pubic hair growth
76
CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what kind of cells are chromaffin cells
neuroendocrine cells (in adrenal medulla)
77
CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what are chromaffin cells equivalent to
sympathetic post ganglionic fibers
78
CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what do chromaffin cells release
1. norepinephrine | 2. epinephrine
79
CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what is purpose of norepinephrine + epinephrine release
fast response to stress
80
CHROMAFFIN CELLS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA what are hormones of adrenal medulla
1. norepinephrine | 2. epinephrine
81
FAST RESPONSE TO STRESS what is pathway of AP
1. neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus 2. pre ganglionic fibers 3. adrenal medulla
82
FAST RESPONSE TO STRESS where does axon of neuroendocrine cell synapse w preganglionic fibers
spinal cord
83
FAST REsPONSE TO STRESS what does adrenal medulla release
1. epinephrine | 2. norepinephrine
84
PANCREAS what is pancreas not under control of
hypothalamus | pituitary
85
PANCREAS what is anatomy of pancreas
cluster of islets (endocrine cells) surrounded by exocrine cless
86
PANCREAS what are 3 types of islets
1. alpha 2. beta 3. delta
87
PANCREAS what is the function of alpha cells
produce and secrete glucagon
88
PANCREAS what is the function of beta cells
produce and secrete insulin
89
PANCREAS what is the function of glucagon
1. stimulate glucose synthesis to increase blood glucose | 2. mobilize lipid reserves
90
PANCREAS what is the function of insulin
1. stimulate glucose uptake to decrease blood glucose | 2. stimulate lipid storage
91
PANCREAS what is diabetes
inability to produce insulin
92
PANCREAS what does diabetes lead to
elevation of blood glucose
93
PANCREAS what are 2 types of diabetes
type 1 | type 2
94
PANCREAS what is type 1 / insulin dependent
- autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells
95
PANCREAS what is result of type 1
less insulin
96
PANCREAS what is type 2 / non-insulin dependent
- insulin resistance | - insulin-secretory defect
97
PANCREAS what is insulin resistance
target cells become less sensitive to insulin
98
OTHER GLANDS what are other endocrine glands
1. parathyroid 2. gonads 3. pineal 4. thymus
99
OTHER GLANDS where are parathyroid glands located
posterior to thyroid
100
OTHER GLANDS what do parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone
101
OTHER GLANDS what is the function of parathyroid hormone
increase Ca in blood
102
OTHER GLANDS how can Ca in blood be increased
decrease Ca deposition in bone
103
OTHER GLANDS what is the function of calcitonin
decrease Ca in blood
104
OTHER GLANDS how can Ca in blood be decreased
increase Ca deposition in bone
105
OTHER GLANDS what secretes calcitonin
C cells of thyroid gland
106
OTHER GLANDS what does pineal gland secrete
melatonin
107
OTHER GLANDS what does thymus gland secrete
thymic hormones
108
OTHER GLANDS what is thymus associated w
T lymphocytes

ANAT 200 (9 decks)

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