GI SYSTEM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
STOMACH what is the function of stomach (3)
A
- mechanical processing
- digestion
- mix bolus and gastric juices
2
Q
STOMACH how does stomach do mechanical processing
A
contracts muscles
3
Q
STOMACH how does stomach do digestion
A
- secretes enzymes
- secretes chemicals
4
Q
STOMACH what is chyme
A
mixture of bolus and gastric juices
5
Q
STOMACH what is fundus
A
bony top of organ
6
Q
STOMACH what is located in fundus of stomach
A
- air
2. cells that detect entrance of food
7
Q
STOMACH what occurs in body of stomach
A
mechanical processing
8
Q
STOMACH what is greater omentum attached to
A
greater curvature of stomach
9
Q
STOMACH what are functions of greater omentum (2)
A
- deposit lipid
2. move to site of infection
10
Q
STOMACH what kind of epithelium makes up mucosal layer
A
simple columnar epithelium
11
Q
STOMACH what are 3 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externis
A
- inner oblique
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal
12
Q
STOMACH what does inner oblique layer contain
A
rugae
13
Q
STOMACH what are rugae
A
folds
14
Q
STOMACH what are gastric pits close to
A
lumen
15
Q
STOMACH what is gastic gland close to
A
submucosa
16
Q
STOMACH what layer are gastric pits + gastric glands a part of
A
mucosal layer
17
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of surface mucosa cell
A
form thick layer of mucous to protect from HCl
18
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of mucous neck cell
A
produce watery mucous
19
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of parietal cell
A
produce HCl
20
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of chief cell
A
produce pre-enzymes other than amylase
21
Q
SECRETORY CELLS when do pre-enzymes secreted by chief cells become active
A
when they pass through mucous neck cell secretion
22
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of neuroendocrine cell
A
produce gastrin
23
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what is the function of gastrin
A
- stimulate parietal cells to produce secretions
2. stimulate chief cell to produce secretion
24
Q
SECRETORY CELLS what cells are involved in protection
A
surface mucosa cell
25
SECRETORY CELLS what cells are involved in digestion (3)
1. mucous neck
2. parietal
3. chief
26
SECRETORY CELLS what cells are involved in GI regulation
neuroendocrine
27
SI what kind of epithelium makes up mucosal layer
simple squamous epithelium
28
SI what is the main function of duodenum
digestion
29
SI what is the main function of jejunum
absorption
30
SI what is the main function of ileum
absorption
31
SI where does SI start and end
```
start = pyloric sphincter
end= ileocecal valve of cecum
```
32
SI what quadrants can SI be found in
all 4
33
SI how is SI specialized for absorption
1. contains folds
2. each fold contains villi
3. each villi contains micrtovillli
34
SI what is associated w each villus (2)
1. vasculature
| 2. lymphatics
35
SI what 4 types of cells make up villar epithelium
1. absorptive cell
2. goblet cell
3. enteroendocrince cell
4. paneth cell
36
SI what is absorptive cell
main epithelial cell
37
SI what is the function of goblet cell
secrete mucous
38
SI what is the function of enteroendocrine cell
regulate (by releasing hormones)
39
SI what is the function of paneth cell
kill bacteria (to determine gut flora)
40
SI what do sugars get broken into
monosaccharides
41
SI what do proteins get broken into
aa
42
SI where do monosaccharide and aa go
hepatic portal circulation
43
SI what do fats get broken into
fatty acids ==> chylomicrons ==> chyle
44
SI where do fats go
lacteals
45
SI where does chyle go
thoracic duct
46
SI what surrounds most of SI
visceral peritoneum
47
SI what parts of SI not surrounded by visceral peritoneum
duodenum
48
DUODENUM what is function of duodenum (4)
1. digestion of macromolecules
2. receive chyme from stomach
3. receive secretion from pancreas via gallbladder
4. receive secretion from liver via gallbladder
49
DUODENUM where does digestion complete
duodenum
50
DUODENUM what glands does duodenum contain
brunner's glands
51
DUODENUM where are brunner's glands located
submucosal layer
52
DUODENUM what is the function of brunner's glands
1. provide mucous to neutralize acid from stomach
| 2. provide pancreatic buffers
53
LIVER what secretes bile
hepatocytes
54
LIVER what are canaliculi
channels
55
LIVER what happens to bile secreted by hepatocytes
go into canaliculi
56
LIVER what are 3 major functions of liver
1. metabolic regulation
2. hematological regualtion
3. synthesis and secretion of bile
57
LIVER what is metabolic regulation referring to
1. regulating what is absorbed by intestine
| 2. detoxifying what is absorbed from intestine
58
LIVER what is hematological regulation referring to
destroying
1. aged RBC
2. damaged RBC
3. cellular debris
4. pathogens
secreting plasma proteins
59
LIVER what is responsible for hematological regulation
macrophages
60
LIVER what is the purpose of secreting plasma portions
1. osmotic function
2. clotting function
3. nutrient transport
61
LIVER what is bile involved in
lipid digestion
62
LIVER what makes up portal triad
1. hepatic protal vein
2. hepatic artery proper
3 common bile duct
63
LIVER what is portal triad associated w
lesser omentum
64
LIVER where does liver receive blood
intestines
65
LIVER what does blood from intestines contain
1. nutrients
2. toxic compounds
3. pathogens
66
LIVER what is pathway of blood
1 periphery of liver lobules
2. central vein
3. L and R hepatic vein
4. inferior vena cava
67
LIVER what mxed in sinusoids
1. blood from hepatic portal vein
| 2. blood from hepatic artery proper
68
LIVER what is the purpose of blood mixing in sinusoids
provide hepatocytes with
1. oxygen rich and
2. nutrient rich blood
69
LIVER what are sinusoids
large vessels
70
LIVER what are kupffer cells
macrophages (for hematological regulation)
71
LIVER what does central vein fo to
1. L hepatic vein
| 2. R hepatic vein
72
LIVER what surrounds liver lobules
sinusoids
73
LIVER what are hepatocytes
liver cells
74
LIVER what to hepatocytes make up
liver lobules
75
LIVER what are steps in bile flow
1. canaliculi
2. small biliary ducts
3. larger ducts
4. L + R hepatic ducts
5. common hepatic duct
76
LIVER where is bile stored
gallbladder
77
LIVER what is bile released into to get into duodenum
1. cystic duct
| 2. bile duct (cystic duct + common hepatic duct)
78
what does bile duct lead to
duodenum
79
GALLBLADDER what is the function of gallbladder
1. concentrate bile
| 2. store bile
80
GALLBLADDER what does hepatopancreatic sphincter lead into
duodenum
81
GALLBLADDER what happens if hepatopancreatic sphincter closed
gallbladder fills w bile
82
GALLBLADDER what happens if hepatopancreatic sphincter open
duodenum fills w bile
83
GALLBLADDER what does chyme induce release of
CCK
84
GALLBLADDER what is the function of CCK
1. induce relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter
| 2. induce contraction of gall bladder
85
PANCREAS what is the function of pancreas (2)
1. secrete digestive enzymes for digestion in intestines
| 2. secrete bicarbonate buffer for neutralization of chyme
86
PANCREAS what kind of gland is pancreas
1. endocrine
| 2. exocrine
87
PANCREAS what is responsible for endocrine secretions
islets
88
PANCREAS what do islets secrete
1. glucagon
| 2. insulin
89
PANCREAS what is responsible for exocrine secretions
1. acinar cells
| 2. centroacinar cells
90
PANCREAS what is the function of acinar cells
secrete pre-enzymatic digestive enzymes
91
PANCREAS what is the function of centroacinar cells
1. secrete bicarbonate buffer
| 2. regulate release of pre enzymatic digestive enzymes from acinar cells
92
PANCREAS how do secretions from pancreas get into duodenum
pancreatic duct
93
PANCREAS what merges w pancreatic duct
bile duct
94
PANCREAS what does pancreatic duct enter duodenum from
hepatopancreatic ampulla
95
JEJUNUM what occurs in jejunum
majority of absorption
96
ILEUM what occurs in ileum
some of absorption
97
ILEUM what can be found in ileum
1. ileocecal valve
| 2. lymph nodules
98
ILEUM what is ileocecal valve
valve connecting SI to LI
99
ILEUM what is the function of lymph nodules
protect SI from colonic bacteria
100
LI what are parts of LI (6)
1. appendix
2. ascending
3. transverse
4. descending
5. sigmoid
6. rectum
101
LI what are 3 functions of LI
1. reabsorb water
2. reabsorb electrolytes
3. absorb vitamins produced by colonic bacteria
102
LI what is retroperitoneal
1. ascending
2. descending
3. rectum
103
LI what is intraperitoneal
1. cecum
2. transverse
3. sigmoid
104
LI what are 2 types of colic epithelial cells in mucosal layer
1. absorptive cell
| 2. goblet cell
105
LI what is the function of absorptive cells
main colonic epithelial cells
106
LI what is the function of goblet cells
secrete mucous for lubrication
107
LI how is mucosal layer in rectum specialized
simple columnar epithelium
108
LI what is the function of rectum (2)
1. store feces
| 2. move feces into rectal canal
109
ANAL CANAL how is mucosal layer in anal canal specialized
stratified squamous epithelium (not keratinized) to stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)
110
ANAL CANAL what part of anal canal is autonomic
internal anal sphincter
111
ANAL CANAL what part of anal canal is somatic
external anal sphincter
