INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
what is the cutaneous membrane composed of
A
- epidermis
2. dermis
2
Q
what type of tissue is the epidermis
A
epithelium
3
Q
what type of tissue is the dermis
A
connective tissue
4
Q
what are the 2 components of integumentary system
A
- skin / cutaneous mem
2. accessory structures
5
Q
what are 3 accessory structures
A
- exocrine glands
- hair
- nails
6
Q
what are functions of the skin (6)
A
barrier protection thermoregulation sensation metabolic functions social functions
7
Q
how does skin act as a barrier
A
prevents penetration from outside
prevents release from inside
8
Q
what are exceptions
A
UV radiation (from outside) comes in
(helps with vitD production)
sweat (from inside) goes out
9
Q
what is thermoregulation referring to
A
blood vessels constricts to retain heat
blood vessels dilate to release heat
10
Q
what metabolic functions being referred to
A
- vitD synthesis
2. storage of en as subcutaneous fat
11
Q
what are the 5 layers of epidermis from deep to superficial
A
- stratum basale (basal layer)
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
12
Q
what are characteristics of cells that can be found across 5 layers
A
keratinized
stratified
squamous
13
Q
what do cells of epithelium produce
A
keratin
14
Q
what is keratin
A
tough protein
15
Q
STRATUM BASALE what does layer contain
A
stem cells
16
Q
STRATUM BASALE what does layer produce
A
basil lamina
17
Q
STRATUM BASALE what does basil lamina stick to
A
dermis (connective tissue)
18
Q
STRATUM BASALE what do basil lamina + connective tissue form
A
basil mem
19
Q
STRATUM BASALE what do stem cells give rise to when they multiply
A
keratinocytes
20
Q
STRATUM BASALE what is the function of keratinocytes
A
- produce keratin
- new keratinocytes replace old keratinocytes
- phagocytize melanin granules to protect DNA from UV radiation
21
Q
STRATUM BASALE where are merkel / tactile cells abundant
A
where skin has no hair
22
Q
STRATUM BASALE what is function of merkel / tactile cells
A
touch sensation
23
Q
STRATUM BASALE where are axons of merkel / tactile cells found
A
dermis
24
Q
STRATUM BASALE what is function of melanocytes
A
- synthesize melanin pigment
2. transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes
25
STRATUM BASALE what do melanocytes have
long + slender processes that insert bw keratinocytes
26
STRATUM BASALE what does number of melanocytes depend on
region of body
27
STRATUM SPINOSUM what 2 epithelium cells does layer contain
1. keratinocytes
| 2. langerhans / dendritic cells
28
STRATUM SPINOSUM what do keratinocytes contain
tono filaments
29
STRATUM SPINOSUM what do tono filaments cause
keratinocytes flatten
| keratinocytes reach for other keratinocytes
30
STRATUM SPINOSUM what is function of desmosomes
attach keratinocytes
31
STRATUM SPINOSUM what are langerhans
type of macrophage originating from bone marrow that migrate to epidermis
32
STRATUM SPINOSUM what is function of langerhans
phagocytosis
capture pathogens
offer pathogens to immune system
33
STRATUM SPINOSUM where can langerhans be found
epidermis of
1. oral cavity
2. esophagus
3. anal cavity
4. vaginal cavity
34
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is produced in layer
keratohyalin granules
35
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is stratum granulosum
2-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
36
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what do keratinocytes secrete
lipid filled vesicles
37
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what do vesicles fill
spaces bw the keratinocytes
38
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is the purpose of filling spaces
act as sealant
39
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what does sealant cause
keratinocyte death in layers above
| nutrients not diffusing
40
STRATUM GRANULOSUM what is a callus made of
excess keratin
| excess lipid
41
STRATUM GRANULOSUM where do calluses form
in areas of high mechanical abrasion
42
STATUM LUCIDUM what does layer contain
1. large amounts of keratin
| 2. thickened plasma
43
STATUM LUCIDUM what are cells lacking
1. nucleus
| 2. other organelles
44
STATUM LUCIDUM what kind of skin is layer found in
1. palmer
| 2. plantar
45
STRATUM CONEUM what does layer contain
layers of flattened + dead keratinocytes
46
STRATUM CONEUM what is dander
keratinocytes that get shed
47
STRATUM CONEUM what does layer provide
protection against
1. abrasion
2. microbial invasion
48
what do keratinocytes do at night
mitosis
49
what do keratinocytes do during day
shed
50
what can accelerate mitosis / cell division
1. injury
| 2. mechanical stress
51
what does accelerated mitosis result in
more keratinocytes
more keratin
more calluses
52
what kind of interface is epidermal -dermal
peak + valley
53
what does peak + valley interface allow
tight bond
54
where is dermal papilla tall
in sensitive areas
| to allow nerve fibres+ capillaries to reach surface
55
where is interface unique to each person
fingers
56
what are 2 layers of dermis
1. papillary
| 2. reticular
57
what does papillary layer contain
1. areolar loose CT
2. nerve endings for touch, temp, pain
3. capillaries (WBC)
58
what does papillary layer do
increase area of contact w dermis
59
what does reticular layer contain
1. dense irregular CT
2. collagen fibers
3. elastic fibers
60
what do fibres provide
extensibility + elasticity to skin
61
what is bw the collagen + elastic fibres (6)
1. blood vessels
2. nerves
3. lymphatics
4. hair follicles
5. glands
6. adipocytes
62
what layer do skeletal muscles of face attach to
reticular
63
how do collagen fibres align in reticular layer of dermis
along lines of tension
64
what does alignment of collagen fibres along lines of tension form
lines of cleavage
65
how do surgeons cut
along lines of cleavage
66
why do surgeons cut along lines of cleavage
wound closes + heals nicely
67
what happens if surgeons cut perpendicular to lines of cleavage
keloid
68
what is keloid
scar tissue
| raised skin
69
how do stretch marks form
1. stretch collagen fibres
| 2. stretch blood vessels
70
what happens when blood vessels stretch
red streak to white streak
71
what is hypodermis / superficial fascia / subcutaneous tissue
layer under skin
72
what is function of hypodermis
stabilize position of epidermis relative to underlying tissue
73
what does hypodermis contain
loose CT
74
what does loose CT do
stores fat
1. pads body
2. energy reservoir
3. thermal insulation
75
what causes skin tone to vary
1. thickness of skin
2. thickness of dermal papillae
3. pigments
a. melanin
b. Hb
c. carotene
76
what stimulates melanin synthesis
light / UV exposure
77
freckles / moles
accum of melanin
78
albinism
lack of melanin
79
what causes pink hue of skin
1. blood vessel dilation
2. increase blood flow to skin
3. ox Hb
80
where can melanin be found
1. stratum basale
| 2. stratum spinosum
81
where can Hb be found
dermal blood vessels
82
where can carotene be found
1. stratum corneum
| 2. hypodermis
83
what is 1st degree burn
epidermis
84
what does 1st degree burn cause
1. erythema ==> pooling of RBC
2. mild pain
3. flaking
85
what is 2nd degree burn
epidermis + some dermis
86
what does 2nd degree burn cause
1. blister, edema, redness
2. pain
3. scarring
87
what is 3rd degree burn
epidermis + dermis + hypodermis
88
what does 3rd degree burn cause
loss of skin function
numb (sensory nerve endings burnt off)
granulation formation
89
what is merocrine mechanism of secretion
normal exocytosis
90
what is apocrine mechanism of secretion
release of apical surface
91
what is halocrine mechanism of secretion
release of entire cell
92
what are 4 types of exocrine cutaneous glands
1. sweat glands
2. sebaceous
3. ceruminous
4. mammary
93
what do sweat glands secrete
1. water
| 2. electrolytes
94
how do sweat glands secrete water + electrolytes
1. merocrine
| 2. apocrine
95
what do sebaceous glands secrete
sebum ==> oily lipid
96
how do sebaceous glands secrete sebum
halocrine
97
what do ceruminous glands secrete
ear wax
98
how do ceruminous glands secrete ear wax
apocrine
99
what do mammary glands secrete
breast milk
100
how do mammary glands secrete breast mily
apocrine
101
APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what does apocrine sweat gland secrete
odiferous sweat
102
APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what is odiferous sweat
1. water
2. electrolytes
3. proteins + lipids
103
APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS where can apocrine sweat glands be found
specific (body regions)
104
APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what influences apocrine sweat glands
hormones
105
APCROINE SWEAT GLANDS what stimulates apocrine sweat glads
1. sweat
| 2. arousal
106
MEROCRINE what does merocrine sweat gland secrete
normal sweat
107
MEROCRINE what is normal sweat
1. water
| 2. electrolytes
108
MEROCRINE where can merocrine sweat glands be found
widespread
109
MEROCRINE what controls merocrine glands
NS
110
MEROCRINE what is function of merocrine glands
regulate body temp
111
what does duct of sebaceous gland open onto
1. hair follicle
| 2. skin
112
what is function of sebum
keep hair + skin from drying out
113
what is acne
inflammation of sebaceous glands + follicles
114
what does inflammation result in
1. blockage of ducts
| 2. bacterial infection of glands
115
when does inflammation occur
onset of puberty
1. glands increase in size
2. sebum secretion increases
116
HAIR what is pilus / hair
filament made of dead + keratinized cells
117
HAIR what is follicle
tube that pilus / hair grows in
118
HAIR what does hair not cover
1. volar skin (hands +feet)
2. lips
3. nipples
4. genitalia
119
HAIR what are 3 types of hair
1. lanugo
2. vellus
3. terminal
120
HAIR where can lanugo hair be found
foetus
121
HAIR where can vellus hair be found
most body surfaces (i.e. arm)
122
HAIR what are characteristics of terminal hair
1. coarse
2. pigmented
3. long
123
HAIR what are 4 functions of hair
1. UV protection
2. thermal insulation
3. particle filtration in eye + nose
4 touch sensation
124
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can bulb be found
deep in dermis
125
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can root be found
dermis
126
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY where can shaft be found
above skin
127
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does bulb contain
hair bulb
128
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does shaft contain
shaft of hair
129
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what are 2 types of sheaths
1. CT root sheath
| 2. epithelial root sheath
130
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what associates w root sheaths
hair receptor
131
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what is hair papilla
blood vessels in bulb of follicle
132
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what is function of hair papilla
nutrition ==> basal layer (of epidermis)
133
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what does erector pili muscle connect
dermal collagen fibers + root sheaths
134
HAIR FOLLICLE ANATOMY what stimulates erector pili muscles
sympathetic NS
135
what influences texture of hair (coarse vs fine)
keratin
136
what influences colour of hair
pigment cells of cortex
137
what does medulla (core) contain
1. loosely arranged cells
| 2. air
138
what does cortex contain
keratinized pigment cells
139
what does cuticle contain
scaly cells
140
what is function of cuticle
resist puling on hair
141
when is hair grey
more air + less pigment
142
when is hair white
all air + no pigment
143
HAIR GROWTH what happens in growth stage (4)
1. stem cells in basal layer multiply forming bulge
2. dermal papilla down
3. cells added to roots of hair
3. cells pushed up + keratinized as stem cells cont. dividing
144
HAIR GROWTH how long is growth stage
2-6 yrs
145
HAIR GROWTH what happens in regression stage (3)
1. stem cells in basal layer don't multiply
2. dermal papilla up
3. loosen hair attachment to follicle
146
HAIR GROWTH what happens in rest stage (2)
1. lose hair attachment to follicle
| 2. root of hair falls off
147
NAIL what is hair root
stratum basale / basal layer
148
NAIL what does basal layer contain
stem cells
149
NAIL what is the function of stem cells
multiply
150
NAIL what happens to new cells
cells pushed up + keratinized as stem cells cont dividing
151
NAIL what colour is nail body (epithelial cells)
clear
152
NAIL what colour is dermal layer
pink
153
NAIL what epithelial layer is cuticle + nail body
stratum corneum
