ENDOCRINE Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
- It is also called the ductless glands.
- responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
chemical messenger known as hormones via the bloodstream on specific target
organs. - no duct system and therefore sometimes called the ductless glands.
A
Endocrine Glands
2
Q
are highly vascular and you have
blood vessels that are fenestrated
A
Endocrine organs
3
Q
Divisions of the Pituitary Gland:
A
ANTERIOR PITIUTARY
POSTTERIOR PITIUTARY
3
Q
- also known as Hypophysis or Hypophysis Cerebri
- secretes several hormones.
- situated in the Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and base of the brain via the infundibulum or stalk.
- Pea shaped
- master gland because influences the rest of the endocrine glands
A
Pituitary Gland
4
Q
regulates the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland hence this was regarded untrue
A
hypothalamus
5
Q
Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary:
A
- Growth hormones - LONG BONES
- Thyroid stimulating hormone - THYROID GLAND
- GnRh (follicles stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) - TESTIS AND OVARY
- Prolactin - MAMARY GLAND FOR MILK PRODUCTION
- ACTH(adrenocorticotrophic hormone) - ADRENALS GLANDS/CORTEX
- MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) - SKIN
5
Q
- also called the adenohypophysis
- 75% of the total weight of the gland arises as an epithelial outgrowth from primitive oral cavity
A
Anterior Pituitary
6
Q
primitive oral cavity known as
A
Rathke’s pouch
6
Q
- also called neurohypophysis
- downgrowth of nervous tissue from the hypothalamus to pituitary stalk
- coming from diencephalon
- not synthesize hormones. Instead stores and releases two hormones
A
Posterior Pituitary
7
Q
(produces vasopressin or ADH)
A
supraoptic nucleus
7
Q
(produces oxytocin)
A
paraventricular nucleus
7
Q
Hormones stored by Posterior Pituitary:
A
ADH (antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin)
Oxytocin (pitocin)
8
Q
modified neuroglial cells found in the pars nervosa
A
Pituicytes
8
Q
- Stimulates uterine contraction -
- stimulates milk ejection (milk “letdown) from
the mammary glands
A
Pitocin (oxytocin)
9
Q
thyrocalcitonin secreted by the
____________ which helps regulate calcium homeostasis
A
parafollicular cells
9
Q
- also called epiphysis cerebri or conarium
- located at the caudal end of the diencephalon of the brain.
- consists of cells called pinealocytes
- Hormones secreted: Melatonin
A
Pineal Gland
9
Q
- increases water reabsorption at the distal
convoluted tubules of the kidneys. - vasopressor effect
- raises blood pressure
A
Pitressin or ADH
9
Q
2 thyroid hormones:
A
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3)
9
Q
- small oval endocrine glands associated sa
posteriorly with the thyroid gland - supplied by inferior thyroid artery
- secretes parathormone
A
PARATHYROID GLAND
10
Q
Hormones secreted: Melatonin derived from
_____________, which may promote sleepiness
A
serotonin
10
Q
- lobulated gland lying in front of the neck
- Also secretes thyrocalcitonin
- 2 thyroid hormones:
- containing thyroglobulin
A
Thyroid gland
11
Q
DECREASE YOUR CALCIUM LEVEL
A
CALCITONIN
11
Q
INCREASE YOUR CALCIUM LEVEL
A
PARATHORMONE
12
Q
small flattened endocrine glands closely applied to the upper pole of the kidneys
A
Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland
13
- outer and thicker portion
- CONTAINS 3 layers of cell: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
Adrenal Cortex
14
- regulate fluids and electrolytes
- help adjust blood pressure and blood volume
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone and deoxycortisones)
15
regulate metabolism and resistance to stress
Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone)
16
- promote libido in females and are converted to estrogen,
- also stimulate growth of axillary and pubic
hairs in boys and girls and contribute to the
prepubertal growth spur
ANDROGENS
17
Secretes the catecholamines - epinephrine and
norepinephrine
- Produces effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress
Adrenal medulla
18
- pistol shaped
- head part of which is enclosed by the duodenum
- body at the back of stomach and tail related with spleen
- Islets of Langerhans
Pancreas
19
- the exocrine portion is secretion of enzymes.
Islets of Langerhans
20
vary in size and most numerous at
the tail of the pancreas
pancreatic islets
21
Cells in the Islets of Langerhans :
- alpha cell
- beta cell
- delta cell
- f cell
22
- less numerous containing acidophilic
granules.
- found at the periphery of the islet
- secrete glucagon – which increases blood
sugar
alpha cells
23
- found at the center of the islets
- it secretes insulin which decreases blood
Beta cells
24
- secrete somatostatin, which inhibits
secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows
absorption of nutrients from the GIT
delta cell
25
- secrete pancreatic polypeptide
f cells
26
- are paired organs lodging in the scrotum are
responsible for the production of the male
gametes, spermatozoa, and male sex hormones
- interstitial cells of Leydig
Testis
27
interstitial cells of Leydig which secrete these androgens:
a) Testosterone
b) Dihydrotestosterone
c) Androstenedione
28
- regulates production of sperm and stimulates the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics
- main hormone in testis
testosterone
29
- the follicular cells of the ovarian follicle secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
- hese hormones regulate the female reproductive cycle.
Ovaries
30
also producing a hormone - syncytiotrophoblast, human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
placenta
31
autoimmune disorder associated with increased circulating levels of thyroid hormones
Grave’s Disease
32
disorder of metabolism and chronic hyperglycemia
Diabetes Mellitus
33
refers to the manifestations of excessive
corticosteroids
Cushing’s Syndrome
34
disorder caused by the destruction of the adrenal cortices characterized by chronic deficiency of cortisol, aldosterone and androgens causing skin pigmentation
Addison’s Disease
35
Endocrine Gland Diseases
1. Grave’s Disease
2. Diabetes Mellitus
3. Cushing’s Syndrome
4. Addison’s Disease
