Endocrine

Question 1

Catecholamines in urine, headaches, hypertension and palpitations

Answer 1

phaeochromocytoma

Question 2

tanned skin without being on holiday

Answer 2

Addisons

Question 3

increased shoe size, spade hands, wedding ring too tight

Answer 3

Acromegaly

Question 4

signs of hyperthyroidism plus eye changes, gritty eyes, smooth velvety skin

Answer 4

Grave’s disease

Question 5

Moon face, proximal weakness, stretch marks, buffalo hump, abdominal fat

Answer 5

Cushings

Question 6

Ketones on breath (sweet smelling/pear drop breath)

Answer 6

DKA

Question 7

Deep laboured breathing (kussmaul breathing)

Answer 7

metabolic acidosis (esp DKA)

Question 8

Orphan Annie nuclei

Answer 8

papillary thyroid cancer

Question 9

Bone pain, stones, abdo pain, psychiatric problems

Answer 9

(bones, stones, groans and moans)

hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)

Question 10

Psammoma bodies

Answer 10

papillary thyroid carcinomas

Question 11

butterfly rash

Answer 11

SLE

Question 12

heat intolerance/palpitations

Answer 12

hyperthyroidism

Question 13

cold intolerance/weight gain

Answer 13

hypothryoidism

Question 14

Anosmia (loss of smell) and isolated GnRH deficiency

Answer 14

Kallmann’s syndrome

Question 15

Trousseau sign, chvostek sign and QT prolongation

Answer 15

hypocalcemia

Question 16

Brachydactyly of 4th metacarpal

Answer 16

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Question 17

What is the endocrine system made up of?

Answer 17

hormone and ductless endocrine glands (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream)

Question 18

What are exocrine glands?

Answer 18

produce and secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces via ducts

Question 19

What are the 9 major endocrine glands?

Answer 19

pineal
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovaries/testis
placenta

Question 20

What class of hormone are oxytocin and insulin

Answer 20

glycoproteins and peptides

Question 21

what class of hormone are cortisol and testosterone

Answer 21

steroid

Question 22

what class of hormone are adrenaline, thyroid hormones and melanin

Answer 22

amines (tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives)

Question 23

What is a glycoprotein

Answer 23

any protein that has a carbohydrate group attached

Question 24

What types of hormones require carrier proteins?

Answer 24

insoluble steroids and thyroxine

Question 25

tropic meaning

Answer 25

hormone that acts on another endocrine gland to regulate its secretion of hormone

Question 26

What are 3 main kinds of receptors

Answer 26

``` GPCR (proteins, peptides, amines) receptor kinases (proteins and peptides e.g. insulin) nuclear receptors (hydrophobic steroids and thyroxine) ```

Question 27

What cells secrete insulin?

Answer 27

beta

Question 28

What cells secret glucagon?

Answer 28

alpha

Question 29

what to delta cells secrete?

Answer 29

somatostatin

Question 30

What cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 30

PP cells

Question 31

What is structure of insulin

Answer 31

two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bond

Question 32

What does glucokinase do?

Answer 32

phosphorylates glucose

Question 33

How is insulin released?

Answer 33

glucose uptake by GLUT2 receptors phosphorylated by glucokinase, increased intracellular ATP which closes ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Reduced K+ influx, depolarisation of cell and opening of Ca2+ channels. Ca influx and calcium induced release of insulin from vesicles.

Question 34

What is a kinase

Answer 34

enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation (addition of phosphate usually from ATP onto a molecule)

Question 35

What is beta oxidisation

Answer 35

break down of fatty acids into acetyl Co-A so it can enter the krebs cycle to produce ATP

Question 36

Where is pituitary gland?

Answer 36

pituitary fossa in sphenoid bone

Question 37

Describe the visual pathway

Answer 37

nasal and temporal retina form optic nerve which travels through optic canal in sphenoid bone right and left optic nerves (CNII) join to form optic chiasm right and left optic tracts from chiasm synapse in thalamus and optic radiation pass to visual cortex in occipital lobe

Question 38

Diabetic values for Hb1AC, fasting glucose, GTT and random blood glucose

Answer 38

>48 >7 >11.1 >11.1

Question 39

4 T's of diabetes

Answer 39

toilet thirsty tired thinner