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YEAR 4 > Prep 2 > Flashcards

Prep 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most common autoantibodies found in lupus?

A 
anti nuclear antibodies
anti ds DNA
anti smith
anti ro
anti jo
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2
Q

How do symptoms arise in lupus?

A

Antinuclear antibody-antigen complex deposit in different tissues around the body (common in kidneys, skin, joints, and heart) triggering local inflammation and complement activation (type 3 hypersensitivity)

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3
Q

What are the common triggers for lupus (cause the initial cell damage that exposes nuclear components for ANAs to bind to)

A 
Sunlight
infections
smoking
medications
oestrogen (more common in women)
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4
Q

Why can SLE give false positive for syphilis?

A

sub type of antiphospholipid antibody (anticardiolipin is found in syphilis)

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5
Q

Dactylitis

A

inflammation of digit

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6
Q

what investigation in a male with sternal pain and multiple lytic bone lesions?

A 
urine electrophoresis (look for bence jones proteins/M spike)
multiple myeloma
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7
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

clonal proliferation of plasma cells (all secrete the same ABs most commonly IgG type)

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8
Q

What is MGUS?

A

monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
<10% plasma cells on bone marrow biopsy
M spike present (monoclonal ABs)
patient is asymptomatic

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9
Q

Symptoms of multiple myeloma?

A 
CRAB
hyperCalcaemia
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain (fractures, neuropathy - weakness of bone due to bone marrow proliferation and plasma cells secrete osteoclast activating factor)
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10
Q

What age group is multiple myeloma common in?

A

70s

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11
Q

What is amyloidosis

A 
Misfolded proteins (amyloids) build up and excreted out of cell forming clumps that deposit throughout the body can be localised or systemic
about 30 different types due to different proteins
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12
Q

What is AL amyloidosis and when is it commonly seen?

A

Plasma cells produce abnormal light chains (component of AB). Light chains accumulate and clump
seen in multiple myeloma

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13
Q

What are bence jones proteins

A

abnormal light chains in the urine

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14
Q

What is a roleaux formation?

A

RBCs attached in chains (attached by the light chains secreted by plasma cells in multiple myeloma)

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15
Q

soap bubble appearance on bone xray

A

multiple myeloma (lytic lesions)

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16
Q

What does bone marrow biopsy in multiple myeloma show?

A

> 10% plasma cells

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17
Q

Management of MGUS?

A

watch and wait

risk of multiple myeloma

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18
Q

What is smoldering myeloma?

A

M spike and >10% plasma cells but assymtpomatic (watch and wait as increased risk of multiple myeloma)

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19
Q

Management of myeloma?

A

chemotherapy

marrow transplant

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20
Q

What type of therapy is beck’s triad?

A

CBT

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21
Q

What food interacts with warfarin?

A

green veg (high in vit K)

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22
Q

What is freudian theory?

A

psychoanalytical theory (personality develops in stages characterised by internal conflicts

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23
Q

What food interferes with statins?

A

grapefruit

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24
Q

Common side effect of amoxicillin

A

n&v

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25
Surfer with gradual unilateral hearing loss
exostosis (surfer's ear) prolonged and repeated exposure to cold water cause the bone surrounding ear canal to develop spurs that constrict the ear canal (one side often worse as one striking the wave or wind)
26
Woman with permanent complete unilateral hearing loss in pregnancy
otosclerosis (pregnancy accelerates it) | abnormal growth of bones in inner ear, stapes thickens and becomes fixed at oval window
27
otitis media effusion
glue ear (non infective) usually due to eustachian tube defect
28
Hearing loss after getting off a plane
tympanic perforation
29
Bird beak appearance barium swallow
achalasia
30
Female with dysphagia and anaemia
Patterson kelly brown syndrome (iron deficiency anaemia, atrophic glossitis, oesophageal webs)
31
Management of mild dyskarosis on smear?
repeat test in 6 months
32
Management of severe dyskarosis on smear?
colposcopy
33
Pulseless VT
amioderone 300mg
34
epiglottitis management
IV ceftriaxone
35
Croup management
emergency: oxygen and nebulised adrenaline | non emergency dexamethasone
36
HSV encepalopathy management
aciclovir IV
37
meningitis management in kids
<3months cefotaxime + amoxicillin | >3months ceftriaxone
38
build 3 blocks and enjoy picture books
18 months
39
Child with abdo and joint pain and then has purpuric rash down buttocks to thighs feeling slightly unwell:
HSP
40
Child at 2 weeks old very unwell, resp distress, temperature
bronchiolitits (RSV)
41
born and then 20 mins later short of breath and needing oxygen fast resp rate
TTN
42
Child who was feeding well until changed from milk to solid foods
coeliac
43
Croup
parainfluenza virus
44
Sand paper rash
scarlet fever
45
mild systemic upset, oral ulcers, vesicles on palms and soles of feet
hand foot & mouth | coxsackie
46
Single palmar crease
downs syndrome
47
simple instructions
2 years
48
"sicky baby" with intractable crying and chronic hiccups
gord
49
walking up and down stairs alternating feet
3 years
50
drawing triangle
5 years
51
Child at party, has eaten peanut, cyanosed, SOB etc, trachea deviated to one side
foreign body
52
Stridor, better with crying 9-month-old
laryngomalacia
53
Stridor, drooling and unwell
epiglottis | call 999
54
stridor generally unwell
croup | oral dexamethasone
55
CF inheritance
AR mutation in CFTR gene
56
Baby born at 25 weeks most likely respiratory distress
RDS
57
Baby was born by C-section most likely respiratory distress
TTN
58
Child has had a cold for a few days before waking up in middle of night struggling for breath
croup
59
CN6 palsy
inability to abduct the eye (lateral rectus)
60
CN3 palsy
``` down and out with ptosis oculomotor supplies (SR, IN, MR, IO, levator palpabrae) ```
61
contraception in breast cancer
IUD
62
facial nerve passes through which foramen
internal aucoustic meatus
63
trochlear passes through which foramen
SOF
64
Facial canal
internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen
65
IVDU new born child
Hep B vaccine
66
Double bubble appearance
duodenal atresia
67
erythemia infectiosum
slapped cheek syndrome
68
baby finds it difficult to breathe especially when feeding
choanal atresia
69
precociuous puberty
<8 in girls | <9 in boys
70
laissez faire
anything goes
71
diagnostic test in toddlers in hypovolaemic shock and non-blanching rash
meningococcal PCR
72
ABGs in a foetus
fetal scalp monitoring
73
splitting of the second heart sound
atrial septal defect
74
What do all babies in scotland get tested for 5 days after birth
PKU
75
age to start solid food
4-6 months
76
A 14 month old baby presents with loose stools containing foods stuffs such as peas and beans, all else is normal
toddlers diarrhoea
77
What proportion of the UK population grows below the third centile?
3%
78
Nutritional deficiency in a maize based diet?
kwashiorkor syndrome (protein deficiency)
79
The limit for an acceptable low birth weight in the UK?
2500g
80
foetal head in relation to its limb and trunk
attitude (foetal body parts to one another)
81
fracture in a child, blue sclera
osteogonesis imperfecta
82
<1yr old unwell with mild fever, cough, reduced oral intake, noisy breathing, resp distress, good air entry but high pitched rhonchi and fine crepitations on auscultation
bronchiolitis RSV | admit and supportive therapy
83
why should tetracycline be avoided in under 12 years
permanent tooth discolouration

YEAR 4 (27 decks)

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