Endocrine Anatomy

Question 1

What is the master endocrine gland?

Answer 1

Pituitary

Question 2

What are the anterior embryological origins of the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Rathke’s pouch

Question 3

What are the posterior origins of the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

A down growth of the hypothalamus

Question 4

Where does the pituitary gland lie?

Answer 4

The sella turcica

Question 5

What covers the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

A fold of dura called diaphragm sellae

Question 6

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 6

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

Question 7

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland store?

Answer 7

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 8

What supplies the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid

Question 9

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

Answer 9

An H shaped gland with two lobes and an isthmus connecting them

Question 10

What is the thyroid gland derived from?

Answer 10

A mesodermal down growth from the foramen cecum

Question 11

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 11

Th anterior cervical triangle

Question 12

What is the thyroid gland enclosed in?

Answer 12

A true fibrous capsule and an outer false capsule derived from pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia

Question 13

What supplies blood to the thyroid gland?

Answer 13

Superior thyroid from external carotid
Inferior thyroid form the thyrocervical trunk
Thyroid ima in 3-10% of the population

Question 14

What drains the thyroid gland?

Answer 14

Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

Question 15

What is the relationship between the arteries and veins supplying the thyroid gland?

Answer 15

The superior artery travels with the superior thyroid vein, and the middle thyroid vein accompanies the inferior thyroid artery

Question 16

What nerve supplies the cricothyroid?

Answer 16

The external laryngeal nerve of the superior laryngeal nerve

Question 17

What does the external laryngeal nerve travel with?

Answer 17

The superior thyroid artery

Question 18

What supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 18

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 19

What travels with the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 19

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 20

What do the cuboidal cell-lined follicles of the thyroid secrete?

Answer 20

Thyroxin

Question 21

What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?

Answer 21

Calcitonin

Question 22

How many pairs of parathyroid glands are normal?

Answer 22

Two

Question 23

What are the superior parathyroid glands derived from?

Answer 23

Mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 24

What are the inferior parathyroid glands derived from?

Answer 24

The 3rd pharyngeal pouch

Question 25

What supplies the parathyroid gland?

Answer 25

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 26

What types of cells does the parathyroid hormone contain?

Answer 26

Chief cells and oxyphils

Question 27

What type of parathyroid cell secretes PTH?

Answer 27

Chief cells

Question 28

Which endocrine gland is also a exocrine gland?

Answer 28

Pancreas

Question 29

What is the pancreas derived from?

Answer 29

Ventral and dorsal endodermal buds of the foregut

Question 30

Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

Answer 30

Beta cells

Question 31

Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Answer 31

Alpha cells

Question 32

Which cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin?

Answer 32

Delta cells

Question 33

What is embedded between the pancreatic acini?

Answer 33

The islets of Langerhans

Question 34

What are the parts of the pancreas?

Answer 34

The head, uncinate process, neck, body, and tail

Question 35

Where is the head of the pancreas?

Answer 35

The c-shaped curve of the duodenum

Question 36

What structures does the body of the pancreas lie across?

Answer 36

The IVC, aorta, and left kidney

Question 37

Where is the tail of the pancreas?

Answer 37

At the hilum of the spleen

Question 38

What is the duct of Wirsung?

Answer 38

The main pancreatic duct

Question 39

What does the main pancreatic duct join?

Answer 39

The common bile duct

Question 40

Where does the common bile duct open into?

Answer 40

The ampulla of Vater

Question 41

What is at the main pancreatic duct before the duodenum?

Answer 41

The smooth muscle sphincter of Oddi

Question 42

What is the duct of Santorini?

Answer 42

The accessory pancreatic duct

Question 43

Why are there differences in drainage of the pancreas?

Answer 43

The head is derived from the ventral pancreatic bud, and the rest is derived from the dorsal pancreatic bud

Question 44

What supplies blood to the pancreas?

Answer 44

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the superior mesenteric artery The great pancreatic artery from the splenic artery

Question 45

What are the embryologic origins of the adrenal gland?

Answer 45

Cortex - mesoderm | Medulla - neuroectoderm

Question 46

What are the shapes of the adrenal glands?

Answer 46

Left - semilunar and larger | Right - triangular and smaller

Question 47

What are the three structural zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce?

Answer 47

Zona glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids Zona reticularis - sex hormones

Question 48

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 48

Nnorepinephrine

Question 49

What does the adrenal medulla receive innervation from?

Answer 49

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through the celiac ganglion

Question 50

What arteries supply the adrenal gland? What are they branches of?

Answer 50

Superior adrenal from the inferior phrenic Middle adrenal from the abdominal aorta Inferior adrenal from the renal artery

Question 51

What does the left adrenal vein drain into?

Answer 51

Left renal vein

Question 52

What does the right adrenal vein drain into?

Answer 52

IVC