Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What bone classification do the femur and phalanges belong to?
A
Long bones
2
Q
What bone classification do the carpals and tarsals belong to?
A
Short bones
3
Q
What bone classification do the ribs, frontal, parietal and temporal bones belong to?
A
Flat bones
4
Q
What bone classification do the vertebra belong to?
A
Irregular
5
Q
What bone classification do the intratendinous bones belong to?
A
Sesamoid
6
Q
What is the bone that is first to start ossifying and last to finish ossification?
A
Clavicle
7
Q
What joint classification is immobile?
A
Synarthrosis
8
Q
What type of joint is a synarthrosis?
A
Fibrous
9
Q
What type of joint is semi-mobile?
A
Amphiarthrosis
10
Q
What type of joint is a amphiarthrosis?
A
Cartilaginous
11
Q
What type of joint is mobile?
A
Diarthrosis
12
Q
What type of joint is a diarthrosis?
A
Synovial
13
Q
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
A
Synostosis (suture), Syndesmosis (interosseous membranes), and Gomphosis (tooth and socket
14
Q
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
A
Synchondrosis (primary cartilage), Symphysis (secondary cartilage)
15
Q
What is a planar joint?
A
Gliding
16
Q
What is a ginglymus joint?
A
Hinge
17
Q
What is a trochoid joint?
A
Pivot
18
Q
What is a condylar joint?
A
Ellipsoid
19
Q
What is a sellar joint?
A
Saddle
20
Q
What is a spheroidal joint?
A
Ball and socket
21
Q
What midline joints are not secondary cartilaginous joints?
A
Median atlanto-axial and interparietal
22
Q
All articular joint surfaces of synovial joints are covered by what?
A
Hyaline cartilage
23
Q
What synovial joints are exceptions to having hyaline cartilage?
A
Temporomandibular, Sternoclavicular, and Acromioclavicular
24
Q
What lines the inside of the fibrous joint capsule?
A
Synovial membrane
25
What type of cell makes up the synovium?
Plump cells
26
What type of synovial cells are macrophages?
Type A synoviocytes
27
What type of synovial cell secretes synovial fluid?
Type B synoviocytes
28
What is Hilton's law?
The nerve that supplies the muscle that acts on a joint also supplies the joint and an area of skin over the joint?
29
What are the central canals of bones?
Haversian canals with blood vessels
30
What connects Haversian canals?
Volkmann's canals
31
What surrounds Haversion canals?
Concentric lamellae
32
Lamellae are composed of what?
Lacunae
33
Lacunae are connected by what?
Canaliculi
34
What bone cells synthesize bone?
Osteoblasts
35
What bone cells reabsorb and remodel bone?
Osteoclasts
36
The outer layer of cartilage is called what?
Perichondrium
37
What is the perichondrium mainly composed of?
Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans with chondrocytes
38
What precedes chondrocytes?
Chondroblasts
39
Is cartilage innervated?
No
40
Does cartilage have direct blood supply?
No
41
What type of cartilage is most abundant?
Hyaline
42
What is hyaline cartilage made of?
Type II collagen
43
What is elastic cartilage made of?
Type II collagen and elastin
44
What is fibrocartilage made of?
Compact Type I collage fibers
45
What type of muscle has no cross striatiion, spindle-shaped cells, and a central nucleus?
Smooth muscle
46
What type of muscle has cross striations, and elongated peripheral nuclei?
Skeletal muscle
47
What type of muscle has cross striations, branches, intercalated discs, and a central nucleus?
Cardiac muscle
48
Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by what connective tissue?
Endomysium
49
A bundle of fibers (fascicle) is surrounded by what connective tissue?
Perimysium
50
A dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle is called what?
Epimysium
51
What muscle arrangement is thick in the middle and tapered at each end?
Fusiform
52
What muscle is arrangement is uniform width with parallel fascicles?
Parallel
53
What muscle arrangement is fan shaped with a broad origin?
Triangular
54
What muscle arrangement is feather shaped?
Pennate
55
What muscle arrangement forms rings around certain body openings?
Circular
56
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Atypical synovial
57
What is the classification of the TMJ?
Compound hinge and gliding
58
What allows the TMJ to be resistant to damage and can regenerate?
Fibrocartilage
59
What separates the lower and upper compartment of the TMJ?
An intra-articular disc
60
What bones are involved in the temperomandibular joint?
Condyle of the mandible, Mandibular fossa, and Articular eminence of the temporal bone
61
What are the ranges of motion in the TMJ?
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction and side-side
62
What muscles act on elevation of the TMJ?
Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid
63
What muscles act in depression of the TMJ?
Mylohyoid, Digastric, Lateral pterygoid
64
What muscles act in protration of the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid, anterior temporalis, superficial fibers of masseter
65
What muscles act in retraction of the TMJ?
Posterior part of the temporalis, deep part of the masseter
66
What muscles act in the side-side motion of the TMJ?
Alternating pterygoids
67
What innervates the TMJ?
Auriculotemporal, deep temporal, and masseteric branches of CN V (mandibular division)
68
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial
69
What classification of synovial joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket/Spheroidal
70
What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?
Glenoid fossa and head of the humerus
71
What muscles act in flexion of the glenohumeral joint?
Pec major, Anterior deltoids
72
What muscles act in extension of the glenohumeral joint?
Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, posterior fibers of Deltoid
73
What muscle act in internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
Subscapularis, Pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, anterior fibers of the deltoid
74
What muscles act in external rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
Posterior part of the deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
75
What muscles act in adduction of the glenohumeral joint?
Pectoralis major, Teres major and minor, latissimus dorsi,, subscapularis, corachobrachialis
76
What muscles act in abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
Initiated by the supraspinatus (to 15 degrees), then deltoid from 15-90 degrees
77
What innervates the glenohumeral joint?
Axillary and suprascapular nerves
78
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial with an intra-articular disc
79
What joint classification is the sternoclavicular joint?
Sellar/saddle
80
What is unique about the cartilage of the sternoclavicular joint?
It contains fibrocartilage
81
What bones articulate with the sternoclavicular joint?
Manubrium of the sternum and medial head of the clavicle
82
What is the range of motion of the sternoclavicular joint?
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and circumduction
83
What muscles act in elevating the sternoclavicular joint?
SCM an trapezius
84
What muscles act in depressing the sternoclavicular joint?
Pectoralis minor, Subclavius
85
What muscle acts in protracting the sternoclavicular joint?
Pectoralis minor
86
What muscle acts in retracting the sternoclavicular joint?
Trapezius
87
What muscle acts in circumduction of the sternoclavicular joint?
Combination of SCM, Trapezius, Pec minor, and subclavius
88
What is the innervation of the sternoclavicular joint?
Medial branch of the supraclavicular nerve and nerve to the subclavius
89
The elbow joint is what type of joint?
Synovial
90
What classification of joint is the elbow?
Hinge/Ginglymus
91
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
The distal end of the humerus, head of the radius, and trochlea of the ulna
92
What is the range of motion of the elbow joint?
Flexion and extension
93
What muscles act in flexing the elbow joint?
Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis
94
What muscles act in extending the elbow joint?
Triceps and anconeus
95
What is the innervation of the elbow joint?
Radial and musculocutaneous nerves
96
What type of joint are the proximal and distal radial ulnar joint?
Synovial
97
What is the joint classification of the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint?
Pivot/Trochoid
98
What bones are involved in the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint?
Prox - Head of radius and radial notch of ulna
| Distal - Head of the ulna and distal end of the radius
99
What are the ranges of motion of the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Supination and pronation
100
What muscles act in supination of prox/dist radio-ulnar joints?
Biceps brachii and supinator
101
What muscles act in pronation of the prox/dist radio-ulnar joint?
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus
102
What nerves supply the prox/dist radio-ulnar joint?
Median, Radial, and Ulnar
103
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Synovial
104
What joint classification is the wrist joint?
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
105
What are the bones involved in the wrist joint?
Scaphoid, lunate, and distal radius
106
What are the ranges of motion in the wrist joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
107
What muscles act in flexion of the wrist joint?
Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor carpi radialis, and flexors of the fingers
108
What muscles act in extension of the wrist joint?
Extensor radialis longus and brevis, extensor ulnaris, and extensors of the fingers
109
What muscles act in adduction of the wrist joint?
Flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris
110
What muscles act in abduction of the wrist joint?
Flexor and extensor carpi radialis
111
What type of joint is the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Synovial
112
What is the joint classification of the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Saddle/Sellar
113
What are the bones involved with the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Trapezium and 1st metacarpal bone
114
What ranges of motion are there at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
115
What muscles achieve flexion at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Flexor pollicis brevis and longus
116
What muscles achieve extension at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
117
What muscles act in abduction at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Abductor pollicis longus and brevis
118
What muscles act in adduction at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Adductor pollicis
119
What muscles achieve opposition at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Opponens pollicis
120
What nerves supply the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Radial and median nerves
121
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Synovial
122
What joint classification is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Ellipsoidal/Condyloid
123
What bones are involved in the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Head of metacarpal and base of the proximal phalanx
124
What are the ranges of motion at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
125
What muscles act in flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
flexor digitorum superficialis, "" profundus, and lumbricals
126
What muscles act in extension at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Extensor digitorum
127
What muscles act in adduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Palmer interossei
128
What muscles act in abduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Dorsal interossei
129
What achieves circumduction at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
A combination of all muscles that act on the joint
130
What innervates the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Ulnar, radial, and median nerves
131
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
Synovial
132
What is the classification of the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge/ginglymus
133
What bones are involved in the interphalangeal joints?
The proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
134
What motions are accomplished at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
135
What muscles achieve flexion at the interphalangeal joints?
flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
136
What muscles achieve extension at the interphalangeal joints?
Extensor digitorum, lumbricals, and interossei
137
What innervates the interphalangeal joints?
Radial, ulnar, and median nerves
138
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Synovial
139
What is the joint classification of the hip joint?
Ball and socket/spheroidal
140
What motions are accomplished at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, rotation, and circumduction
141
What muscles act in flexion of the hip joint?
Illiopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius
142
What muscles act in extension at the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus, semimebranosus, semitendinosis, and hamstring portion of adductor magnus
143
What muscles act in abduction of the hip joint?
Gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata
144
What muscles act in adduction of the hip joint?
Adductor longus, brevis, and adductor portion of adductor magnus; gracilis, pectineus, and lower portion of gluteus maximus
145
What muscle act in internal rotation of the hip joint?
Gluteus medius and minimus
146
What muscles act in external rotation of the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus, psoas, piriformis, the gemelli, and obturator
147
What innervates the hip joint?
Femoral, obturator, and nerve to quadratus femorus
148
How many ligament s are in the hip joint?
4
149
What is the intra-articular ligament of the hip joint?
Round ligament of the head of the femur
150
What does the round ligament of the hip joint connect?
Transverse acetabular ligament and the rim of the nearby acetabular notch to the head of the femur at the fovea centralis
151
What is present at the round ligament of children?
The central foveolar artery
152
What three extra-articular ligaments are at the hip joint? What do they prevent?
iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension
pubofemoral - prevents hyper abduction
Ischiofemoral - prevents hyperextension
153
What are the attachment sites of the extra-articular ligaments of the hip joint?
iliofemoral - AIIS, root of the femoral neck
pubofemoral - superior pubic ramus, lower part of capsule
Ischiofemoral - ischium, posterior capsule
154
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial
155
What is the joint classification of the knee joint?
Modified hinge joint/ginglymus
156
What bones are involved at the knee joint?
Distal femur, proximal tibia
157
What are the ranges of motion at the knee joint?
Flexion, extension, and rotation
158
What muscles act in flexion at the knee joint?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, sartorius, and gracilis
159
What muscles act in extension at the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris
160
What acts in medial rotation at the knee joint?
Popliteus
161
What innervates the knee joint?
Femoral, tibial, and common fibular nerves
162
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament originate and insert into?
Anterior part of the intercondylar ridge
| Medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur
163
What does the ACL prevent?
Prevents forwards displacement
164
Where does the posterior cruciate ligament originate and insert into?
Posterior part of the intercondylar ridge
| Anterior part of the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur
165
What does the PCL prevent?
Prevent posterior displacement
166
Where does the medial collateral ligament of the knee attach?
The medial meniscus from the femur to the tibia
167
Where does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee attach?
Narrow ligament from femur to head of the fibula
168
Which extra-articular ligament is thicker in the knee?
Medial collateral
169
Which articular disc is semilunar, attached to the medial collateral ligament and the intercondylar ridge?
Medial meniscus
170
Which articular disc is nearly circular and attached to the intercondylar ridge, and not attached at the lateral collateral ligament?
Lateral meniscus
171
What type of joint is the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?
Superior - synovial
| Inferior - fibrous
172
What classification of joint is the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?
Superior - planar
| Inferior - syndesmosis
173
What bones are involved in the superior and inferior tibiofibular joint?
Superior - head of the fibula and upper end of the tibia
| Inferior - Distal ends of the fibula and tibia
174
What innervates the tibiofibular joints?
Deep fibular nerve
175
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial joint
176
What classification is the ankle joint?
Hinge/ginglymus
177
What bones are involved in the ankle joint?
Lower end of the tibia and fibula, and the talus
178
What motions are achieved at the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
179
What muscles act in flexion of the ankle joint?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus
180
What muscles act in plantar flexion of of the ankle joint?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and tibilis posterior
181
What innervates the ankle joint?
Tibial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves
