IVF, IVD, Spinal Ligaments

Question 1

What tissue makes of the IV disc?

Answer 1

Type 1 collagen (outer); Type 2 collagen (inner)

Question 2

The outer part of the IV disc is called?

Answer 2

Annulus fibrosis

Question 3

How many concentric laminae make up the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 3

15-20

Question 4

What is the orientation of the IV disc fibers of the concentric laminae?

Answer 4

65 degrees to the vertical

Question 5

Adjacent laminae have fibers oriented how?

Answer 5

The opposite direction

Question 6

What is the inner aspect of the IV disc called?

Answer 6

Nucleus pulposus

Question 7

What molecules does the nucleus pulposus contain?

Answer 7

Proteoglycan

Question 8

What are the most external regions of the disc called?

Answer 8

Vertebral endplates

Question 9

Where are the vertebral endplates thickest? thinnest?

Answer 9

Lumbar; thoracic

Question 10

What portion of the IV disc is innervated?

Answer 10

The outer 1/3

Question 11

The innervated portion of the IV disc is supplied by what nerves?

Answer 11

Sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal), Sensory nerves via the gray rami communicans

Question 12

How does the IV disc receive nutrition?

Answer 12

Diffusion from the vertebral endplates facilitated by spinal movement

Question 13

What is the superior boundary of the IVF?

Answer 13

Inferior vertebral notch and pedicle of the vertebra above

Question 14

What is the anterior boundary of the IVF?

Answer 14

Vertebral bodies and disc

Question 15

What is the inferior boundary of the IVF?

Answer 15

Pedicle and the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra above

Question 16

What is the posterior boundary of the IVF?

Answer 16

Anterior aspect of the zygapophyseal joint and capsule

Question 17

What are the contents of the IVF?

Answer 17

Spinal nerve, spinal nerve roots, DRG, spinal artery, veins, two-four sinuvertebral nerves, fat, and transforaminal ligaments

Question 18

What can narrow the IVF?

Answer 18

Osteophytes or prolapsed discs

Question 19

Internal disc disruptions may irritate spinal nerve roots how?

Answer 19

Inflammatory chemicals

Question 20

What area does the ALL cover?

Answer 20

The sacrum to the basal part of the occiput

Question 21

Is the ALL weaker or stronger than the PLL?

Answer 21

Stronger

Question 22

What does the ALL prevent?

Answer 22

Hyperextension

Question 23

What area does the PLL cover?

Answer 23

Extends from C2 to the sacrum

Question 24

Above C2 the PLL is called what?

Answer 24

Tectorial membrane

Question 25

What does the PLL prevent?

Answer 25

Hyperflexion

Question 26

Where does the supraspinous ligament attach?

Answer 26

Tips of the spinous process

Question 27

Beyond C7 what is the supraspinous ligament called?

Answer 27

Ligamentum Nuchae

Question 28

What does the supraspinous ligament prevent?

Answer 28

Hyperflexion

Question 29

What area does the interspinous ligament prevent?

Answer 29

Between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebra

Question 30

What does the interspinous ligament prevent?

Answer 30

Posterior translation and limits flexion

Question 31

What area does the ligamentum flavum cover?

Answer 31

The lamina of adjacent vertebra

Question 32

What does the ligamentum flavum limit?

Answer 32

Limits flexion and prevents buckling in extension

Question 33

What area does the intertransverse ligament cover?

Answer 33

Between the transverse processes

Question 34

What does the intertransverse ligament limit?

Answer 34

Lateral bending

Question 35

Where does the alar ligament attach?

Answer 35

The posterolateral aspect of the dens to the occipital condyles

Question 36

What does the alar ligament limit?

Answer 36

Limits axial rotation contralaterally

Question 37

Where does the apical ligament attach?

Answer 37

Apex of the dens to the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum

Question 38

What does the apical ligament limit?

Answer 38

Flexion and extension of C2

Question 39

Where does the cruciate ligament attach?

Answer 39

Transverse atlantal portion - via small tuberclesSuperior longitudinal - to the anterior lip of the foramen magnumInferior longitudinal - to the body of C2