Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

What is the embryological origin of the respiratory tract?

Answer 1

A respiratory diverticulum from the upper end of the foregut

Question 2

What structure first form in development of the lungs?

Answer 2

Two lung buds

Question 3

What do lung buds become?

Answer 3

Primary bronchi

Question 4

Primary bronchi divide into what?

Answer 4

Secondary bronchi

Question 5

What are secondary bronchi also called?

Answer 5

Lobar bronchi

Question 6

What do secondary bronchi divide into?

Answer 6

Tertiary bronchi

Question 7

What are tertiary bronchi also called?

Answer 7

Segmental bronchi

Question 8

Tertiary bronchi keep dividing to form what?

Answer 8

Terminal bronchioles

Question 9

What do terminal bronchioles give rise to?

Answer 9

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 10

Alveoli develop from respiratory bronchioles when?

Answer 10

Third trimester

Question 11

What is a rare congenital malformation in which the upper esophagus is blind-ending and the lower esophagus is connected to the trachea by a fistula?

Answer 11

Esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula

Question 12

Where does the trachea begin?

Answer 12

Cricoid cartilage (C6)

Question 13

What type of cartilage is in the trachea?

Answer 13

Fibrocartilage

Question 14

What type of cell lines the trachea?

Answer 14

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 15

What holds the trachea open?

Answer 15

15-20 U-shaped rings

Question 16

What are the dimensions of the trachea?

Answer 16

5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter

Question 17

What connects the tracheal rings posteriorly?

Answer 17

Trachealis

Question 18

Where does the trachea end?

Answer 18

The sternal angle (of Louis) at T4/T5

Question 19

What marks the bifurcation of the trachea?

Answer 19

Carina (V shaped cartilage)

Question 20

Where does the esophagus lie in relation to the trachea?

Answer 20

Posterior

Question 21

What crosses the 2nd-4th tracheal rings?

Answer 21

The isthmus of the thyroid

Question 22

Which bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical?

Answer 22

Right

Question 23

Which bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi?

Answer 23

Left main bronchus

Question 24

Which bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi?

Answer 24

Right main bronchus

Question 25

How much surface area does a lung provide for gas exchange?

Answer 25

40 square meters

Question 26

What are the different lung surfaces?

Answer 26

Cervical (apex), Diaphragmatic (base), Costovertebral (lateral), Mediastinal (medial)

Question 27

Which lung is bigger, wider and shorter?

Answer 27

Right

Question 28

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

Answer 28

10 right | 8-9 left

Question 29

Where do the intersegmental veins of the lungs drain into?

Answer 29

The azygos veinous system or the pulmonary veins

Question 30

What are the segmental arteries of the lungs derived from?

Answer 30

Bronchial branches of the aorta

Question 31

In the root of the lungs, what is the orientation of the bronchus and veins?

Answer 31

Bronchus - behind | Veins - below

Question 32

What is the orientation of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs?

Answer 32

The right pulmonary artery is in the lung root anterior to the bronchus; The left pulmonary artery lies superior to the bronchus

Question 33

What layer of the pleura is sensitive to pain?

Answer 33

Parietal

Question 34

What is the visceral layer of pleura innervated by?

Answer 34

Vagus nerve

Question 35

What is the parietal pleura innervated by?

Answer 35

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

Question 36

What is a sleeve of pleura at the root of the lung and functions as anatomical dead space for pulmonary veins?

Answer 36

Pulmonary ligament

Question 37

What part of the of the cervical pleura extends above the 1st rib?

Answer 37

Cupola

Question 38

What limits the extension of the lung into the neck?

Answer 38

Sibson's fascia

Question 39

What supplies blood to the pleura?

Answer 39

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

Question 40

What are the upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries derived from?

Answer 40

The internal thoracic artery of the subclavian artery

Question 41

What are the anterior 7th-9th intercostal arteries derived from?

Answer 41

Musculophrenic branch of the internal thoracic artery

Question 42

What are the 1st and second intercostal arteries derived from?

Answer 42

The costocervical branch of the subclavian artery

Question 43

What are the 3rd through 11th posterior intercostal arteries derived from?

Answer 43

Descending thoracic aorta

Question 44

What is the venous drainage of the pleura?

Answer 44

Azygos venous drainage

Question 45

What lie on the right side of the lower eight thoracic vertebra?

Answer 45

Azygos vein

Question 46

What vessels does the azygos vein receive?

Answer 46

2nd through 11th posterior intercostal artery and right subcostal veins

Question 47

What does the hemiazygos vein drain?

Answer 47

The 3 or 4 lower left intercostal veins and the left subcostal vein

Question 48

What is the accessory hemiazygos vein formed by?

Answer 48

5th-8th left intercostal vein

Question 49

What do the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 49

The brachiocephalic vein

Question 50

What is the fibromuscular septum that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?

Answer 50

Diaphragm

Question 51

What are the embryological origins of the diaphragm?

Answer 51

Central tendon (3-5th cervical somite) Pleuroperitoneal membranes Peripheral rim of the body wall Dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

Question 52

What are the muscular fiber origins of the diaphragm?

Answer 52

Right crus (from bodies of of L1-3) Left crus (from bodies of L1-2) The lower 6 ribs Sternum (posterior aspect of xiphoid process)

Question 53

What is the muscular insertion of the diaphragm?

Answer 53

The central tendon

Question 54

What levels are the openings of the diaphragm at and for what?

Answer 54

T8 - IVC, Right phrenic, pericardiophrenic vessels T10 - Esophagus and Vagus nerve T12 - Aorta, Thoracic duct, Azygos vein

Question 55

What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 55

The phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Question 56

What covers the diaphragm?

Answer 56

Superior - Pleura | Inferior - Peritoneum

Question 57

What is the condensation of fascia over the psoas muscle?

Answer 57

The medial arcuate ligament

Question 58

What is the condensation of fascia over the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 58

Lateral arcuate ligament

Question 59

What connects the right and left crura of the diaphragm?

Answer 59

Median arcuate ligament