Endocrine/Digestive Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
what are the 5 endocrine glands
A
pitutary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
2
Q
what is an exocrine gland
A
secretes products into ducts or lumens to the outer surface of the body
3
Q
what is an endocrine gland
A
secrete products into interstitial fluid which diffuse into blood
4
Q
what are local hormones
A
act locally on neighboring cells or the same cell that secreted them
5
Q
what is paracrine hormone
A
when the hormone is relsed onto a neighboring cell
6
Q
what is autocrine signaling
A
when the hormone is released onto the same cell that secreted it
7
Q
how do lipid soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream
A
they have to bind to a protein
8
Q
what are the two types of circulating hormones
A
lipid soluble and water soluble
9
Q
what are the two kinds of lipid soluble hormones
A
steroid and thyroid hormones’
10
Q
what are steroid hormones derived from
A
cholesterol
11
Q
what are examples of steroid hormones
A
cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone
12
Q
what are thyroid hormones derived from
A
a tyrosine ring with iodine attached
13
Q
what are the two types of water soluble hormones
A
peptide/protein hormones and biogenic amines
14
Q
what are examples of peptide hormones
A
ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTH, insulin, glucagon
15
Q
where do biogenic amines come from
A
modified amino acids
16
Q
what are examples of biogenic amines
A
NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine
17
Q
what is the mechanism of lipid soluble hormones
A
intracellular receptors, this new complex alter gene expression and specific proteins are created in response.
18
Q
how do peptide hormones work
A
bind to an receptor on cell surface, trigger a cascade of protein reactions
19
Q
how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland
A
releases, relesasing hormones or inhibiting hormones that act on cell s in the anterior pituitary
20
Q
how does the hypothalamus control posterior pituitary gland
A
hypothalamus relseases other hormones directly into circulation through posterior pitutary
21
Q
what are the 5 main cell types in the anterior pituitary
A
somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs
22
Q
what do somatotrophs secrete
A
human growth hormone
23
Q
thyrotrophs secrete
A
thyroid simulating hormone
24
Q
lactotrophs secrete
A
prolactin
25
gonadotrophs secrete
follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
26
coroticotrophs secrete
adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone
27
what happens in the target cells of human growth hormone
increases synthesis of insulin like growth factors
28
what do insulin like growth factors do
increase cell growth and cell division, uptake amino acids, increase synthesis of proteins, stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue, decrease glucose in body and save it for brain
29
what regulates human growth hormone release
GHRH and GHIH
30
what is stimuli for the releases of GHRH
hypoglycemia, decreases fatty acids, increased amino acids
31
what is stimuli for the release of of GHIH
hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids and decreased amino acids in blood, high levels of human growth hormone
32
what does GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) do
stimulates gonadotrophs to produce follicle simulating hormone or luteinizing hormone
33
what does FSH do in females
stimulates secretion of estrogen, initiates formation of follicle in the ovary
34
what does FSH do in males
stimulates sperm production
35
what does LH do in females
secretion of estrogen and progestrone, ovulation, formation of corpus lutetium
36
what does LH do in males
secretion of testosterone
37
what does PRH do
stimulates lactotrophs to produce prolactin
38
what does prolactin do
causes milk production
39
what does CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) do
stimulates corticotrophs to release adrenocorticotropic hormone
40
what does ACTH
stimulates release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
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what does TRH do
stimulates thyrotrophs to produce TSH
42
what does TSH do
stimulate secretion of T3 and T4
43
does the posterior pituitary gland synthesize hormones
no
44
what is the posterior pituitary gland made of
two groups of hypothalamic neurons
45
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland
ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin
46
where is ADH produced
by cells in the supraoptic nucleus
47
what are the actions of ADH
decreases urine production by stimulating kidneys to return water, prevents water loss in sweat glands, constriction of arterioles
48
what triggers release of ADH
dehydration or high blood osmolarity
49
when is ADH inhibited
overhydration or low osmolarity of blood
50
where is oxytocin produced
cells of the paraventricular nucleaus
51
describe the regulation of oxytocin during child birth
stretching of the cervix by baby's head causes the release of oxytocin, the oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, the babys head is pushed further down the cervix causing oxytocin to be released even more
52
how does oxytocin effect breast feeding
causes milk to be ejected from mammary glands
53
which thyroid cells produce T3 and T4
follicular cells
54
what are the actions of thyroid hormones
increases BMR by stimulating cells to use oxygen to make ATP, increased cellular consumption of glucose, fatty acids, and triglycerides. create more Na/K ATPase, enhance actions of sympathetic nervous system
55
how does thyroid hyposecretion effect children
dwarfism and severe mental retardation
56
how does thyroid hyposectrion effect adults
edema, low heart rate, muscle weakness, cold, low body temp, weight gain
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symptoms of hypersecretion of thyroid
weight loss, nervousness, tremors, increased heart rate and blood pressure, high body temp
58
what is goiter
enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet
59
calcitonin is secreted by what cell in the thyroid gland
parafollicular cells or c cells
60
what does calcitonin do
lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
61
what cells secrete parathyroid hormone
chief cells in the parathyroid gland
62
what does parathyroid hormone do
raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increases reabsorption of calcium by kidneys, promotes formation of calcitriol aka vitamin D
63
what are the 3 subdivisions of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona recticularis
64
what does the zona glomerulosa secrete
mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
65
what does aldosterone do
increases absorption of Na by kidneys and promotes excretion of K
66
what does the zona fasciculata release
glucocorticoids mainly cortisol
67
what does cortisol do
increase rate of protein catabolism and lipolysis, promote gluconeogensis
68
what else do glucocorticoids do
raise blood pressure by increasing sensitivity of blood vessels to other hormones that cause vasoconstriction
69
what is cushings syndrome
hypersectrion of glucocorticoids
70
what is addisons disease
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
71
what does the zona recticularis release
androgens
72
what does the adrenal medulla release
chromaffin cells that reciev direct innervation form the SNS, produce epinephrine and NE
73
what do the beta cells of the pancreas release
insulin
74
what do the alpha cells of the pancreas release
glucagon
75
what is the first layer of the digestive tract
mucosa
76
What is the purpose of the epithelium in the mucosa layer
secrete enzymes and mucous, enteroendocrine cells
77
what is the lamina propria
thin layer of loose connective tissue in the mucosa layer
78
what is the muscularis mucosae
thin layer of smooth muscle that causes folds to form in mucosal layer
79
what is the second layer of the gi tract
submucosa
80
what is the submucosa
loose connective tissue conatining blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue
81
what is the submucosal plexus
part of the enteric nervous system, regulates blood vessel diameter, secretions from glands and neurons
82
what is the third layer of the gi tract
muscularis
83
what is the muscularis
a muscle layer that helps to push food through the gi tract
84
what is the myenteric plexus
found in muscularis layer, part of enteric nervous system
85
what is the 4th layer of the gi tract
serosa or adventitia
86
what is the serosa
a serous memebrane aka the visceral perotineum, called adventitia for the esophagaous
87
what is the parietal peritoneum
lines walls of abdmonial cavity
88
what is visceral peritoneum
covers organs
89
what is mastication
chewing
90
what are two enzymes found in the mouth
salivary amylase and lingual lipase
91
what are the three major salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
92
what is deglutition
swallowing
93
what is the voluntary stage
food pushed by tongue into oropharynx
94
what is pharengyal stage
involuntary
95
what is the esophageal stage
upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and food goes down by peristalsis
96
what is gerd
lower esophageal sphincter doesn't close and food comes back up burning
97
where are unitary sm cells found
walls of digestive tract, gall bladder, urinary bladder
98
characteristics of unitary sm cells
autorythmic connect via gap junctions, cell membranes adhere to one another
99
what are the 4 parts of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
100
what does gastric surface mucous cell secrete
mucous
101
what does gastric mucous neck cells secrete
mucous
102
what does gastric parietal cell secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
103
what does gastric chief cell secrete
pepsiongen and gastric lipase
104
what does G cell secrete
gastrin
105
what happens to pepsinogen
HCl activates it turning it into pepsin
106
what is absorbed in the stomach
water, electrolytes, aspirin and alcohol
107
what branch of the ANS makes stomach contractions more strong
PANS
108
when is gastrin relseased into the bloodstream
when stomach stretches because of food
109
what does gastrin do
increase stomach gland secretions and pyloric sphincter relaxation
110
what are the three part of the small intestine in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
111
what does a si absorptive cell do
absorbs nutrients
112
what does a small intestine goblet cell do
secretes mucus
113
what do S cells secrete
secretin
114
what do CCK cells secrete
cholecystokinin
115
what do K cells release
GIP
116
what do panesth cells do
secrete lysozome and is capable of phagocytosis
117
how are glucose and galactose absorbed
sodium symporter
118
how fructose absorbed
facilitated diffusion
119
how does the stomach digest proteins
HCl denatures proteins and pepsin breaks proteins into smaller peptides
120
what are two brush border enzymes for proteins
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
121
how do amino acids get absorbed into the epitheleal cell
active transport using Na or H ions
122
how are short chain fatty acids absorbed
simple diffusion
123
what happens to fats once inside an epithelal cell
they are coated with a protein to form a chylomicron
124
where do chylomicrons go after created
into lacteals, then thru lymphatic system, then to liver
125
what vitamin has to combine with intrinsic factor before being absorbed
vitamin b12
126
what is a portal triad
bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
127
what is the livers functional unit
liver lobule
128
pathway of bile secretion
bile canaliculi -> bile ducts -> hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct -> cystic duct + common hepatic duct -> common bile duct -> pancretaic duct
129
what is gluconeogenisis
turn amino acids into glucose
130
what is gluconeogenesis
turning glycerol portion of fats into glucose
131
what is glycogenesis
add excess glucose into glycogen polymer for storage
132
what is glycogenolysis
breaking off glucose from glycogen polymer
133
what is deamination
removing NH2 (amine group) from amino acids
134
what is transamination
converts one amino acid into another
135
what is haustral churning
when pouches fill with food and then contract and move into the next pouch
136
what is the gastroilial reflex
when stomach is full and gastrin relaxes the ilem sphincter to let food go into the large intestine
137
what is the gastrocolic reflex
when stomach fills perstaltic waves move contents from transverse colon in to rectum
138
what is defecation reflex
when rectum fills u poop
139
what is the cephalic phase
prepare the mouth and stomach for food, sights of food stimulate gastric juices and salivation
140
what is the gastric phase
breaking down of food via mechanical and chemical digestion, gastrin is released intot he bloodstream
141
what is the intestinal phase
intestine starts reving up
142
what is is secretin
hormone that decreses stomach secretions
143
what is cholecystokinin
decreses stomach emptying
144
what is oxidation
decrease in energy of a molecule, electrons are lost
145
what is reduction
increase in energy content of a molecule, electrons are gained
146
what is the function of chylomicrons
transport dietary fats to adipose cells
147
what is the function of VLDL
form in hepatocytes to transport triglycerides to adipose cells
148
what is the function of LDL
carry blood cholesterol to cells
149
what is the function of HDL
carry cholesterol from cells to liver for elimination
